Lime mud from cellulose industry as raw material in cement mortars
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2014.00214Keywords:
Mortars, Lime mud, Characterization, ValorizationAbstract
This study reports the use of lime mud (LM) in cement-based-mortars. Lime mud is a waste generated in the production of cellulose by the kraft mill process. It is mainly composed of CaCO3, a small amount of magnesium carbonate and other trace minerals. Mortars were prepared by adding different amounts of LM (10, 20 and 30% by weight of cement) in dry weight. The mortar compositions were evaluated through rheology and flow table measurements, assuring that all the samples exhibited adequate conditions for testing in both equipments. The hardened state properties were also evaluated through mechanical strengths at 7, 28 and 90 days of curing. Following a waste management solution perspective, this work intend to provide a general evaluation of LM application in cement based mortars, looking at both fresh and hardened properties in order to guarantee that the final application requirements are not hindered.
Downloads
References
1. Binici, H.; Shah, T.; Aksogan, O.; Kaplan, H. (2008) Durability of concrete made with granite and marble as recycle aggregates. J. Mat. Proc. Tech. 208, 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.12.120
2. UMTC (1995) Use of recycled materials and recycled products in highway construction. University of Massachusetts Transportation Center Report UMTC-95-1, US, pp. 238–245.
3. OECD (1997). Road Transport Research: Recycling Strategies for Road Works. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France, pp. 140–148.
4. Monte, M.C.; Fuente, E.; Blanco, A.; Negro, C. (2009) Waste management from pulp and paper production in the European Union. Was. Manag. Res. 29, 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.002
5. Modolo, R.; Benta, A.; Ferreira, V.M.; Machado, L.M. (2010) Pulp and paper plant wastes valorisation in bituminous mixes. Was. Manag. 30, 685–696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.11.005
6. Ahmadi, B.; Al-Khaja, W. (2001) Utilization of paper waste sludge in the building construction industry. Resour. Conser. Rec. 32 [2], 105–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00051-9
7. Coutinho, J.S.; Garcia, M.L. (2008) Investigação inicial de resíduos da indústria de pasta de papel. In: Inovação na Construção Sustentável, v.1, 173–184, ISBN: 978-989-95978-0-8.
8. Cernec, F.; Zule, J.; Moze, A.; Ivanu, A. (2005) Chemical and microbiological stability of waste sludge from paper industry intended for brick production. Was. Manag. Res. 23, 106–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242X05053662
9. Modolo, R.; Ferreira, V.M.; Machado, L.M.; Rodrigues, M.; Coelho, I. (2011) Construction materials as a waste management solution for cellulose sludge. Was. Manag. 31, 370–377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.09.017
10. Decree n.° 209 (2004) Portuguese legislation about the European list of wastes in accordance with Commission Decision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000 replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste.
11. Gaskin, J. (2004) Land application of pulp mill lime mud. University of Georgia, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Cooperative Extension Service along with the Pollution Prevention Assistance Division. Bulletin 1249, Georgia, USA.
12. Li, Y.J.; Sun, R.Y.; Liu, C.T.; et al. (2012) CO2 capture by carbide slag from chlor-alkali plant in calcination/carbonation cycles. Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 9, 117–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.03.012
13. Ampadu, O.K.; Torii, K. (2002) Chloride ingress and steel corrosion in cement mortars incorporation low-quality fly ashes. Cem. Concr. Res. 32, 893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00721-4
14. Cordeiro, G.C.; Toledo Filho, R.D.; Tavares, L.M.; Fairbairn E.M.R. (2008) Pozzolanic activity and filler effect of sugar cane bagasse ash in Portland cement and lime mortars. Cem. Concr. Comp. 30 [5], 410–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.01.001
15. Rajamma, R.; Tarelho, L.A.C.; Alen, G.C.; Labrincha, J.A.; Ferreira, V.M. (2009) Characterisation and use of biomass fly ash in cement-based materials. J. Hazard. Mat. 172, 1049–1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.109
16. Taylor, P.C.; Tait, R.B. (1999) Effects of fly, ash on fatigue and fracture properties of hardened cement mortars. Cem. Concr. Comp. 21 [3], 223–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(99)00005-0
17. Modolo, R.C.E.; Ferreira, V.M.; Tarelho, L.A.; Labrincha, J.A.; Senff, L.; Silva, L. (2013) Mortar formulations with bottom ash from biomass combustion. Constr. Build. Mat. 45, 275–281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.093
18. Pérez-Carrión, M.; Baeza-Brotons, F.; Payá, J.; Saval, J.M.; Zornoza, E.; Borrachero, M.; Garcés, P. (2014) Potential use of sewage sludge ash (SSA) as a cement replacement in precast concrete blocks Mater. Construcc. 64 [313], e002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2014.06312
19. Argiz, C.; Menéndez, E.; Sanjuán, M.A. (2013) Effect of mixes made of coal bottom ash and fly ash on the mechanical strength and porosity of Portland cement. Mater. Construcc. 63 [309], 49–64.
20. Eroglu, H.; Acar Ucuncu, H.H.; Imamoglu, O. (2006) Soil stabilization of roads sub-base using lime-mud waste from the chemical recovery process in alkaline pulp mill. Jour. Appl. Sci. 6 [5] 1199–1203; ISSN 1812–5654.
21. Eroglu, H.; Acar Ucuncu, H.H.; I˙mamoglu, O. (2007) The effect of dry sludge addition supplied from pulp mill on the compressive strength of cement. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 42 [2]. 169–174.
22. Vuk, T.; Tinta, V.; Gabrovšek, R.; Kaucic, V. (2001) The effects of limestone addition, clinker type and fineness on properties of Portland cement. Cem. Concr. Res. 31, 135–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00427-0
23. Benachour, Y.; Davy, C.A.; Skoczylas, F.; Houari, H. (2008) Effect of a high calcite filler addition upon microstructural, mechanical, shrinkage and transport properties of a mortar. Cem. Concr Res. 38, 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.02.007
24. Felekoglu, B. (2007) Utilisation of high volumes of limestone quarry wastes in concrete industry (self-compacting concrete case). Resour. Conser Rec., 51 [4], 770–791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.12.004
25. EN 13139: 2003. Aggregates for Mortars.
26. ISO/TS 17892-3: 2004. Geotechnical investigation and testing laboratory testing of soil. Determination of particle density – Pycnometer method.
27. Paiva, H.; Esteves, L.P.; Cachim, P.B.; Ferreira, V.M. (2009) Rheology and hardened properties of single-coat render mortars with different. Constr. Build. Mat. 23 [2], 1141–1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.06.001
28. Ferraris, C.F.; Brower, L.; Ozyıldırım, C.; Daczko, J. (2000) Workability of self-compacting concrete. In: Intern. Symp. High Perform. Concr. Proceedings. Florida: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 398–407.
29. Banfill, P.F.G. (2003) The rheology of fresh cement and concrete – a review, Proc. of 11th Intern. Congr. Chem. Cem., 50–62.
30. Senff, L.; Tobaldi, D.M.; Lucas, S.; Hotza, D.; Ferreira, V.M.; Labrincha, J.A. (2012) Formulation of mortars with nano-SiO2 and nano-TiO2 for degradation of pollutants in buildings. Comp. Part B, Eng. 44 [1], 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.07.022
31. EN 1015-3:2007. Methods of test for mortar for masonry: determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by flow table).
32. NP EN 196-3: 2005. Methods of testing cement. Determination of setting times and soundness.
33. EN 1015-11: 1999. Methods of test for mortar for masonry – Part 11: Determination of flexural and compressive strength of hardened mortar.
34. EN 1015-2: 1998. Methods of test for mortar for masonry Part 2: Bulk sampling of mortars and preparation of test mortars.
35. EN 1015-10: 1999. Methods of test for mortar for masonry – Part 10: Determination of dry bulk density of hardened mortar.
36. EN 1015-18: 2002. Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Water absorption by capillary.
37. Senff, L.; Hotza, D.; Labrincha, J.L. (2011) Effect of lightweight aggregates addition on the rheological properties and the hardened state of mortars. Appl. Rheol. 21 [1], 13668 (8 pages).
38. Vaysburd, A.M.; Emmons, P.H. (2004) Corrosion inhibitors and other protective systems in concrete repair: concepts or misconcepts. Cem. Concr. Comp. 26 [3], 255–263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00044-1
39. Kaushik, S.K.; Islam, S. (1995) Suitability of sea water for mixing structural concrete exposed to a marine environment. Cem. Concr. Comp. 17 [3], 177–185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0958-9465(95)00015-5
40. Sanjuan, M.A. (1997) Formation of chloroaluminates in calcium aluminate cements cured at high temperatures and exposed to chloride solutions. J. Mat. Sci. 32 [23], 6207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018624824702
41. Older, I. (1998) Lea's chemistry of cement and concrete. Arnold, London, (1998).
42. Soroka, I.; Stern, N. (1976) Calcareous fillers and the compressive strength of portland cement. Cem. Concr. Res. 6 [3], 367–376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(76)90099-5
43. Soroka, I.; Setter, N. (1977) The effect of fillers on strength of cement mortars. Cem. Concr. Res. 7 [4], 449–456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(77)90073-4
44. Bédérina, M.; Khenfer, M.M.; Dheilly, R.M.; Quéneudec, M. (2005) Reuse of local sand: effect of limestone filler proportion on the rheological and mechanical properties of different sand concretes. Cem. Concr. Res. 35 [6], 1172–1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.006
45. Moosberg-Bustnes, H.; Lagerblad, B.; Forssberg, E. (2004) The function of filers in concrete. Mater. Struct. 37, 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/13694
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.
