Comparative scanning electron microscope study of the degradation of a plasticized polyvinyl chloride waterproofing membrane in different conditions

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.08915

Keywords:

Dehydrochlorination of PVC, Polymer, PVC-P weathering, Durability, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Abstract


This paper discusses the analysis of several samples of a plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-P) waterproofing membrane. The samples were extracted from different areas of the same flat roof, which was in service for over 12 years. An original sample of an identical PVC-P membrane that was not installed on the roof was also analyzed. The analysis of the materials was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). An elemental analysis of every sample was also performed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Micrographs and the elemental composition of the samples were compared with the data obtained in the analysis of the original sample. The results show dehydrochlorination of the polymer in two of the samples studied and great deterioration that was not visible to the naked eye in the sample that was totally exposed to the weather.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Marcilla, A.; Garcia, S.; Garcia-Quesada, J.C. (2008) Migrability of PVC plasticizers. Polymer Testing. 27 [2], 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2007.10.007

ASTM D883. (2012) Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics. Materials, American Society for Testing. ASTM International. www.astm.org. Philadelphia: Book of Standards. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/D0883-12. https://doi.org/10.1520/D0883-12

Pedrosa, A.; Del Río, M.; Fonseca, C. (2014) Interaction between plasticized polyvinyl chloride waterproofing membrane and extruded polystyrene board, in the inverted flat roof. Mater. Construcc., (CSIC), 64 [316].

Navrátilová, R. K.; Jiránek, M.; Ka_ma_íková, V. (2015) The influence of long-term degradation of waterproof membranes on mechanical properties and on the radon diffusion coefficient - preliminary results. J. Clean. Product., 88, 369-375.

Martin, J. W.; Embree, E.; P. Bentz, D.P. (1987) Effect of Time and Stress on the Time-to-Failure of EPDM T-Peel Joints. Proceedings, 8th Conference on Roofing Technology: NRCA, 69-74.

Navratilova, R. K.; Jiranek, M.; Kokes, P.; Wasserbauer, R.; Kacmarikova, V. (2014) Does long term exposure to radon gas influence the properties of polymeric waterproof materials? Radiat. Phys. Chem., 94, 58-61.

Jakubowicz, I. (2001) Effects of artificial and natural ageing on impact-modified poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Polym. Test. 20 [5], 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(00)00074-X

Ito, M.; Nagai, K. (2007) Analysis of degradation mechanism of plasticized PVC under artificial aging conditions. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 92 [2], 260-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.11.003

Jakubowicz, I.; Yarahmadi, N.; Gevert, T. (1999) Effects of accelerated and natural ageing on plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 66 [3], 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00094-4

ASTM G154-12a. (2012) Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org. Book of Standards.

ASTM D4329-13. (2013) Standard Practice for Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus Exposure of Plastics. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org. Book of Standards.

ISO 4892-2. (2013) Plastics Å Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources. Part 2: Xenon - arc lamps.

Marques, J.A.; Lopes, J.G.; Correia, J.R. (2011) Durability of the adhesion between bituminous coatings and selfprotection mineral granules of waterproofing membranes. Construc. Build. Mat. 25 [1], 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.047

Pielichowski, K.; Njuguna, J. (2005) Thermal degradation of polymeric materials. Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, United Kingdom.

Yarahmadi, N.; Jakubowicz, I.; Martinsson, L. (2003) PVC floorings as post-consumer products for mechanical recycling and energy recovery. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 79 [3], 439-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00360-9

Ocskay, G.Y.; Lévai, J.; Nyitrai, Zs.; Szabados, E.; Várfalvi, F. (1974) The discolouration of PVC-I: Correlation between the dehydrochlorination and discolouration of PVC. Eur. Polym. J. 10 [12], 1121-1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(74)90095-0

Soudais, Y.; Moga, L.; Blazek, J.; Lemort, F. (2007) Coupled DTA-TGA-FT-IR investigation of pyrolytic decomposition of EVA, PVC and cellulose. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 78 [1], 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2006.04.005

IUPAC. (1977) Polyvinylchloride - 2. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (Macromolecular Chemistry Division). A. Guyot. Main lectures presented at the Second International Symposium on Polyvinylchloride. Lyon - Villeurbanne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Pergamon Press.

Sánchez-Jiménez, P.; Perejón, A.; Criado, J.M.; Diánez, M.J.; Pérez-Maqueda, L.A. (2010) Kinetic model for thermal dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride). Polymer. 51 [17], 3998-4007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.020

Ortega, J.J.; Blanco, M.; Cuevas, A. (1984) Acción de las radiaciones U.V. sobre el poli (cloruro de vinilo) flexible. Mater. Construcc., 196, 34.

Beer, H.R.; Delgado, A.H.; Paroli, R.M.; Graveline, S.P. (2005) Durability of PVC Roofing Membranes - Proof by Testing After Long Term Field Exposure. 10DBMC International Conference On Durability of Building Materials and Components LYON, International AG, Industriestrasse, CH-6060 Sarnen, Switzerland.

Blanco, M.; Cuevas, A.; Aguiar, E. (2000) Patología de geomembranas de poli (cloruro de vinilo) plastificado instaladas como pantallas impermeabilizantes en embalses. Ingeniería civil. 119, 91-101, 16, ©CSIC. Base de Datos ICYT.

Miyauchi, H.; Katou, N.; Tanaka, K. (2011) Behavior of a mechanically anchored waterproofing membrane system under wind suction and uniform pressure. Build. Environ. 46 [5], 1047-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.11.005

Silva, R.R.; Lopes, J.G.; Correia, J.R. (2010) The effect of wind suction on flat roofs: An experimental and analytical study of mechanically fastened waterproofing systems. Construc. Build. Mat. 24 [1], 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.034

Pedrosa, A.; Del Río, M.; Fonseca, C. (2012) Durability analysis of PVC-P membrane in inverted flat roof. Coinvedi, 2nd International Conference on Construction and Building Research, Springer, 515-521, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Edificación, Universitat Politècnica de València. Valencia, Spain.

Pedrosa, A.; Del Río, M. (2013) Rehabilitation of flat roofs, concepts, minoration of incompatibilities and interactions. International Conference on Construction Research. Vivienda, pasado, presente y futuro. Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja, Madrid, Spain, CSIC, 173. http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/108575/1/Abstracts_and_Proceedings_%20JORNADAS%202013.pdf.

EN 13583 (2012) Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing. Determination of hail resistance.

ASTM WK184 (2003) New Test Method for Determining Simulated Hail Damage Resistance of Roof Membranes. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org.

Beer, H.R., Schumann, K., Flu_eler, P. (2004) Hail Resistance Of Aged PVC Roofing Membranes - A Field Evaluation Of Roofs Ranging Between 15 And 34 Years. CIB World Building Congress, "Building for the Future", Toronto, Canada.

Wang, Y.; Wang, X.; Liu, L.; Peng, X. (2009) Theoretical study on the thermal dehydrochlorination of model compounds for poly(vinyl chloride). J. Mol. Struct.: THEOCHEM. 896 [1-3], 34-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theochem.2008.10.047

Migallón, A. J. (1996) Características de la degradación térmica de los plastisoles vinílicos. Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/3652.

Published

2017-03-30

How to Cite

Pedrosa, A., & Del Río, M. (2017). Comparative scanning electron microscope study of the degradation of a plasticized polyvinyl chloride waterproofing membrane in different conditions. Materiales De Construcción, 67(325), e109. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.08915

Issue

Section

Research Articles