1. INTRODUCTION
⌅The construction industry is one of the most important areas for the economic and social development of the world, and the concern for thermal comfort is a major item in today's constructions. Proper thermal insulation provides energy efficiency benefits in buildings and is essential for the sensation of well-being, mood and effectiveness of its users activities.
For many years, the thermal comfort of buildings was provided by artificial ventilation and air conditioning systems, operated based on electricity consumption. For Lamberts et al. (11. Lamberts, R.; Dutra, L.; Pereira, F. (2014) Eficiência Energética na Arquitetura, Eletrobras Procel, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2014).), the buildings are responsible for 42% of electricity consumption, where much of it is by air conditioning systems. For this reason, it is important to know the thermal properties of building materials, because the choice of a suitable sealing material can reduce the solar thermal charge transmitted to the interior of the dwellings.
The construction industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources, most non-renewable, and one of the largest waste generators in Brazil, accounting for 40 to 60% of urban solid waste, usually referred to as debris, such as bricks, concrete, rocks, soils, gypsum, mortar, and other materials (22. da Costa, N.; da Costa Jr., N.; Luna, M.; Selig, P.; Rocha, J. (2007) Planning of construction and demolition waste recycling programs in Brazil: A multivariate analysis. Eng. Sanit. Ambient. 12 [4], 446-456. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522007000400012., 33. Fernandez Machi, C.M.D. (2011) Cenário mundial dos resíduos sólidos e o comportamento corporativo brasileiro frente à logística reversa. Pers. Ges. Conhe. 1 [2], 118-135. https://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/pgc/article/view/9062/6907.).
With the growing global concern for the environment and in order to reduce the thermal load in buildings using insulating materials, the civil sector has been looking for sustainable materials that can replace conventional materials, reducing the use of natural resources and the amount of waste that needs disposal, thus generating savings.
In a survey carried out by the Civil Construction Union (SINDUSCON) with civil construction companies in Brazil, it was observed that only 20% of the companies separate and reuse the construction waste generated by the buildings, in which plaster is the most difficult material to handle and reuse, according to 40% of the companies analyzed (44. Sinduscon (2012) Resíduos da Construção Civil e o Estado de São Paulo, Sindicato da Indústria da Construção Civil - Sinduscon, São Paulo. http://arquivos.ambiente.sp.gov.br/municipioverdeazul/2012/08/residuos_construcao_civil_sp.pdf.).
However, although the sector finds it difficult to reuse this material, plaster recycling is possible provided that contaminants incorporated in the waste generation process are removed, since the plaster still has the chemical characteristics of its raw material, gypsum, which allow removing this material using a simple recycling process by grinding and calcining the material (55. Erbs, A.; Nagalli, A.; Mymrine, V.; Carvalho, K. Q. (2015) Determination of physical and mechanical properties of recycled gypsum from the plasterboard sheets. Cerâmica. 61, 482-487. http://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132015613601930., 66. Erbs, A.; Nagalli, A.; Carvalho, K.Q.; Mymrin, V.; Passig, F.H.; Mazer, W. (2018) Properties of recycled gypsum from gypsum plasterboards and commercial gypsum throughout recycling cycles. J. Clean. Prod. 183, 1314-1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.189.).
The reuse of this combined material with various composite waste can generate a lighter material with better properties than conventional gypsum, such as acoustic and thermal insulation, elasticity, compression strength, generating a material that can be used in partition panels, false ceilings, and others (77. Vasconcelos, G.; Lourenço, P. B.; Camões, A.; Martins, A.; Cunha, S. (2015) Evaluation of the performance of recycled textile fibres in the mechanical behaviour of a gypsum and cork composite material. Cem. Concr. Comp. 58, 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.01.001.).
There are several studies focused on developing gypsum matrix composites with residues, as highlighted below:
Macedo et al. (88. Macedo Neto, M.C.; Meira de Souza, L.G.; Barbosa Gomes, I.R.; Medeiros, L.C. (2011) Composite gypsum and Styrofoam for the construction of popular houses. Holos. 27 [5], 95-105. https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2011.658.) studied the production of composites based on plaster and expanded polystyrene in the compositions (1.5:1), (1:1) and (1:1.5) in order to replace traditional ceramic bricks. The thermal conductivity tests showed that the higher proportion of Styrofoam provided better thermal comfort to the studied material but decreased its mechanical strength.
Serna et al. (99. Serna, Á.; del Río, M.; Palomo, J. G.; González, M. (2012) Improvement of gypsum plaster strain capacity by the addition of rubber particles from recycled tyres. Constr. Build. Mat. 35, 633-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.093.) studied the use of tire rubber particles in gypsum composite in different compositions to improve the elastic behavior of the plaster, reducing the likelihood of cracking after hardening. The results obtained showed that the addition of rubber particles led to a decrease in the mechanical properties of plaster resistance to flexion and compression, however the values obtained comply with the conditions specified in EN 13279-1. And, despite increasing the elastic modulus of the material, the addition of rubber decreased the toughness, worsening the resistance to crack generation.
Cunha et al. (1010. Santos Marinho, G.S.; Soares Cunha, P.W.; Gomes, U.U. (2013) Thermophysical properties of a composite with matrix of gypsum and reinforcement of vegetable fiber. Holos 29 [1], 127-138. https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2013.1203.) studied the production of a plaster composite with vegetable fiber reinforcement (Cocos nucifera) for use as a sealing panel. The results obtained showed advantages over the standard panel used, as it presented less thermal conductivity, providing greater thermal insulation capacity, in addition to greater lightness and material savings.
San-António-Gonzalez et al. (1111. San-Antonio-González, A.; Del Río Merino, M.; Viñas Arrebola, C.; Villoria-Sáez, P. (2015) Lightweight material made with gypsum and extruded polystyrene waste with enhanced thermal behavior. Constr. Build. Mat. 93, 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.040.) studied the incorporation of different percentages of extruded polystyrene into a plaster matrix for use as light building material. The results obtained showed that increasing the percentage of extruded polystyrene in the mixture improves the thermal resistance of the material but decreases its mechanical strength and density.
San-Antonio-Gonzalez et al. (1212. San-Antonio-González, A.; Del Río Merino, M.; Viñas Arrebola, C.; Villoria-Sáez, P. (2016) Lightweight material made with gypsum and EPS waste with enhanced mechanical strength. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 [2], 04015101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001382.) studied the production of composites based on gypsum and expanded polystyrene incorporating different additives (latex, binding additive, plasticizers) and fibers (glass fiber and polypropylene fiber). Density, resistance to flexion and compression, and thermal conductivity were tested. The results obtained showed that it is possible to produce a light material with excellent thermal behavior and good mechanical and density properties.
Alameda et al. (1313. Alameda, L.; Calderón, V.; Junco, C.; Rodríguez, A.; Gadea, J.; Gutiérrez-González, S. (2016) Characterization of gypsum plasterboard with polyurethane foam waste reinforced with polypropylene fibers. Mater. Construcc. 66 [324], e100. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2016.06015.) produced gypsum composite with polyurethane waste and polypropylene fibers testing various properties such as density, surface hardness, thermal properties, and flexural strength. The results obtained showed that increasing the amount of polyurethane residues improved the thermal insulation capacity, but reduced the mechanical resistance of the material and its surface hardness, while increasing the amount of polypropylene fibers improved the mechanical performance.
Azevedo (1414. Azevedo, C.C.A. (2017) Composite study with gypsum and vermiculite for thermal insulation. Master. Dissertation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/23390.) studied the production of plaster composite with vermiculite for use as thermal insulation material in constructions, where different compositions of vermiculite (5, 10, 15 and 20%) were used in the plaster matrix. The results obtained indicated that the composite showed lower density and greater thermal insulation capacity, resulting in a material that provides better thermal energy conservation in buildings.
Del Rio Merino et al. (1515. Del Rio Merino, M.; Villoria-Sáez, P.; Longobardi, I.; Astorqui, J.S.C.; Porras-Amores, C. (2019) Redesigning lightweight gypsum with mixes of polystyrene waste from construction and demolition waste. J. Clean. Produc. 220, 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.132.) studied the production of a plaster composite with extruded polystyrene and expanded polystyrene for use in buildings, replacing composites produced with perlite and vermiculite. Density, hardness, mechanical strength, and thermal behavior tests were carried out. The results obtained showed that the addition of polystyrene in the plaster matrix improved the properties studied when compared to the composites with vermiculite and perlite, which can be used as partition panels and interior ceilings, providing good thermal performance to buildings.
There are various wastes used for the development of light plaster composites, and the use of expanded polystyrene is one of the most studied because, in addition to generating a light material with good insulating properties, it helps in managing this waste that causes environmental problems because it is not easy to recycle and it generates considerable storage, transportation and disposal costs for the industry (1111. San-Antonio-González, A.; Del Río Merino, M.; Viñas Arrebola, C.; Villoria-Sáez, P. (2015) Lightweight material made with gypsum and extruded polystyrene waste with enhanced thermal behavior. Constr. Build. Mat. 93, 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.040., 1212. San-Antonio-González, A.; Del Río Merino, M.; Viñas Arrebola, C.; Villoria-Sáez, P. (2016) Lightweight material made with gypsum and EPS waste with enhanced mechanical strength. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 [2], 04015101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001382., 1616. Kan, A.; Demirboğa, R. (2009) A new technique of processing for waste-expanded polystyrene foams as aggregates. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209 [6], 2994-3000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.07.017.).
But, as observed in the works cited, they generally revealed that the incorporation of polystyrene residues in the plaster improves the thermal and acoustic properties but reduces the mechanical resistance of the material. For this reason, the inclusion of other materials, such as wood fibers, is being studied in order to maintain the good insulation of the material and improve the resistance properties.
Therefore, the present study was developed using residues of expanded polystyrene and cellulose fibers in a plaster matrix for the production of a lightweight composite in order to study the feasibility of using the composite in civil constructions as sealing plates with thermal properties, also promoting the sustainable management of raw materials.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
⌅2.1 Materials
⌅The cellulose fiber used in this study came from the effluent generated by the alkaline extraction and bleaching steps and donated by a pulp and paper company in the city of Itapeva, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The expanded polystyrene and the plasterboard were collected at construction sites in the city that resulted from plasterboard cuttings when they were installed in the buildings.
The gypsum recycling was performed by calcination at 180ºC according to the methodology described by Bardella and Camarini (1717. Bardella, P. S.; Camarini, G. (2011) Recycled plaster: physical and mechanical properties. Adv. Mat. Res. 374-377, 1307-1310. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.374-377.1307.). According to Savi (1818. Savi, O. (2012) Produção de placas de forro com a reciclagem do gesso. Master. Dissertation. State University of Maringá, Maringá, São Paulo, Brazil. http://nou-rau.uem.br/nou-rau/document/?code=vtls000210390.), recycled gypsum presents flexural strength values between 0.7 and 3.5 MPa, but studies show that the use of cellulose fiber and expanded polystyrene in the recycled gypsum matrix results in flexural strength values below 0.7 MPa (1919. de Oliveira, K.A.; Barbosa, J.C.; Christoforo, A.L.; Molina, J.C.; Oliveira, C.B.; Bertolini, M.S.; Gava, M.; Ventorim, G. (2019) Sound absorption of recycled gypsum matrix composites with residual cellulosic pulp and expanded polystyrene. BioRes. 14 [2], 4806-4813.). For this reason, a mixture of commercial gypsum and recycled gypsum was used in a ratio of 1:1.
Five types of gypsum matrix composites with different amounts of waste were produced, and two using only gypsum as a control sample, one with commercial gypsum (Control 1) and one with a mixture of commercial and recycled gypsum (Control 2). Table 1 shows the percentages for common gypsum (G), recycled gypsum (RG), expanded polystyrene (EPS) and cellulose fiber (CF). The amount of water for hydration of the gypsum used in the production of the composites was in a ratio of 1:1.
| Composite | Gypsum (%) | Recycled Gypsum (%) | Expanded Polystyrene (%) | Cellulose Fiber (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control 1 | 100 | - | - | - |
| Control 2 | 50 | 50 | - | - |
| C1 | 20 | 20 | 30 | 30 |
| C2 | 20 | 20 | 45 | 15 |
| C3 | 20 | 20 | 15 | 45 |
| C4 | 20 | 20 | 60 | - |
| C5 | 20 | 20 | - | 60 |
Table 1 shows that the percentage of gypsum used in the composite production was maintained at 40% (20% of common gypsum and 20% of recycled gypsum) in all studied traits, this quantity was implemented because preliminary studies showed that the use of a lower percentage of gypsum was not enough for the homogenization and binding of the mixture, resulting in brittle samples. Only the percentages of the expanded polystyrene (EPS) and cellulose fiber (CF) residues were varied to produce the composites.
For the production of the composite, the EPS underwent a crushing process using a MARCONI brand chipper, as the material was in the form of plates, which required particle reduction with dimensions ranging from 2 mm to 3 mm to allow mixing with other materials. The EPS was then manually mixed with the cellulose fiber, gypsum, and water, until a homogeneous paste was formed, which was then transferred to the molds and kept at room temperature for 6 days for drying.
For thermal conductivity tests, samples of 50 mm in diameter and 20 mm in thickness were molded as specified by the ASTM E1530 standard (2020. ASTM E1530 (2011) Standard test method for evaluating the resistance to thermal transmission of materials by the guarded heat flow meter technique. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, United States, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1520/E1530-19.). And for resistance tests, samples of 300 x 400 x 15 mm dimensions were molded, following specifications of NBR 14715-2 (2121. ABNT NBR 14715-2 (2010) Gypsum plasterboard for drywall - Part 2: Test methods. Brazilian Technical Standards Association, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.). The tests were performed using the samples with the gypsum in a hardened state.
2.2 Methods
⌅After 6 days of drying, with the gypsum in a hardened state, the density of the studied composites was determined, calculating the division of the sample mass by its volume.
The thermal conductivity test, according to ASTM E1530 (2020. ASTM E1530 (2011) Standard test method for evaluating the resistance to thermal transmission of materials by the guarded heat flow meter technique. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, United States, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1520/E1530-19.), was performed using the Thermal Conductivity Tester DTC-300 (Discovery, USA) which operates with steady-state heat flow meters in descending heat flow. For the measurements, the samples (Figure 1a), in hardened state, were impregnated with high thermal conductivity paste, used to decrease the thermal resistance between the surface of the sample and the equipment (Figure 1b).
The thermal resistance of a material is defined as the capacity it has in opposing the heat flow due to a temperature difference. In other words, in a material heat transfer can occur by conduction, convection or thermal radiation.
In this work, the most relevant mechanism was heat conduction, governed by the Fourier Law, where the thermal conductivity (k) was equivalent to the amount of heat transmitted by a time interval through a thickness, in a normal direction to the surface area, due to temperature variation.
The bending and compression strength test was performed according to ABNT NBR 14715-2 (2121. ABNT NBR 14715-2 (2010) Gypsum plasterboard for drywall - Part 2: Test methods. Brazilian Technical Standards Association, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.), using the universal EMIC test machine, where the sample (Figure 2a) was placed on two parallel bases with 350 mm spacing. A load was applied in the central part of the sample at a speed of 250±10 N/min until failure of the element (Figure 2b) for the quantification of burst load and strength.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
⌅3.1 Analysis of density and thermal conductivity
⌅Mean values, the mean confidence intervals (at the 95% confidence level) and the Tukey test results of the density of each composite studied are shown in Figure 3.
From Figure 3, it can be observed that the reduction in density is more pronounced in the composites that have a higher presence of expanded polystyrene, where C2 and C4 presented decrease of approximately 47% in comparison with the control sample of commercial gypsum (Control 1) and 44% when compared with the sample of recycled gypsum (Control 2).
While the higher presence of cellulose fiber resulted in a lower density reduction, it can be seen that C3 and C5 showed a reduction of approximately 37% and 27%, respectively, in relation to the common gypsum sample (Control 1), and approximately 34% and 23%, respectively, in relation to the sample with recycled plaster (Control 2).
San-Antonio-Gonzalez et al. (1212. San-Antonio-González, A.; Del Río Merino, M.; Viñas Arrebola, C.; Villoria-Sáez, P. (2016) Lightweight material made with gypsum and EPS waste with enhanced mechanical strength. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 [2], 04015101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001382.) found density values between 460 and 660 kg/m³ for plaster composites with EPS. But, previous studies indicate that the density is mainly controlled by the amount and size of the expanded polystyrene particle aggregated to the gypsum matrix because of air contained in its interior (2222. García Santos, A. (2009) PPF-reinforced, ESP-lightened gypsum plaster. Mater. Construcc. 59 [293], 105-124. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2009.41107.), as can be seen in the graph of the relationship between the percentage of EPS used and the density of the composite, shown in Figure 4.
The graph in Figure 4 shows the linear Equation [1] that represents the relationship between the amount of EPS used in the composite production and the final density of the material, allowing to estimate density values for other percentages of EPS.
Figure 5 shows a graph relating the average values of density and thermal conductivity of the composites studied, where it can be observed that the samples with the highest thermal conductivity values were the ones with the highest densities, showing that the density directly affects the capacity of thermal insulation of the material. It is also observed that the higher the CF content, the greater its thermal conductivity and mass density, and the lower its insulation capacity.
The density of the material, according to the Brazilian standard NBR 15220-2, is directly related to its thermal conductivity, since the lower the mass density, the lower the thermal conductivity, and, therefore, the better its insulation characteristics (2323. ABNT NBR 15220-2 (2005) Thermal performance of buildings - Part 2: Methods of calculating thermal transmittance, thermal capacity, thermal delay and solar factor of elements and components of buildings. Brazilian Technical Standards Association, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.). The results of the present study indicate that there is a correlation between density and thermal conductivity in gypsum composites (2424. Gutierrez-Gonzalez, S.; Gadea, J.; Rodríguez, A.; Junco, C.; Calderón, V. (2012) Lightweight plaster materials with enhanced thermal properties made with polyurethane foam wastes. Constr. Build. Mater. 28 [1], 653-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.055., 2525. Vimmrová, A.; Keppert, M.; Svoboda, L.; Černý, R. (2011) Lightweight gypsum composites: Design strategies for multi-functionality. Cem. Concr. Compos. 33 [1], 84-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.011.), and, according to the results in Figure 5, this correlation was again satisfied.
These values enabled obtaining the linear equation of the relationship between density and thermal conductivity of the studied composites (Equation [2]), which allowed to estimate the thermal conductivity of the composite for the other densities obtained with different EPS percentages.
Table 2 presents some thermal conductivity values obtained for light gypsum composites with different residues in the studies found in the literature. It was observed that the compositions studied in this work presented results compatible or better for use as thermal insulation.
Comparing the values obtained in the study with the thermal conductivity values in the Brazilian standard NBR 15220-2 (2323. ABNT NBR 15220-2 (2005) Thermal performance of buildings - Part 2: Methods of calculating thermal transmittance, thermal capacity, thermal delay and solar factor of elements and components of buildings. Brazilian Technical Standards Association, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.) for gypsum board of 0.35 W/mK, it was observed that the composite produced with gypsum matrix and residues presented better thermal insulation results in all the studied configurations, with a reduction of approximately 48% for C4 and C2 and 8.57% for C5 in the thermal conductivity values.
| Material | k (W/m.K) | Source |
|---|---|---|
| C4: G/RG + EPS (40%, 60%) | 0.18 | This study |
| C2: G/RG + CF + EPS (40%, 15%, 45%) | 0.19 | This study |
| C1: G/RG + CF + EPS (40%, 30%, 30%) | 0.21 | This study |
| C3: G/RG + CF + EPS (40%, 45%, 15%) | 0.29 | This study |
| C5: G/RG + CF (40%, 60%) | 0.32 | This study |
| Gypsum + EPS (50%, 50%) | 0.25 | (88. Macedo Neto, M.C.; Meira de Souza, L.G.; Barbosa Gomes, I.R.; Medeiros, L.C. (2011) Composite gypsum and Styrofoam for the construction of popular houses. Holos. 27 [5], 95-105. https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2011.658.) |
| Gypsum + EPS (40%, 60%) | 0.25 | (88. Macedo Neto, M.C.; Meira de Souza, L.G.; Barbosa Gomes, I.R.; Medeiros, L.C. (2011) Composite gypsum and Styrofoam for the construction of popular houses. Holos. 27 [5], 95-105. https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2011.658.) |
| Gypsum + EPS (60%, 40%) | 0.36 | (88. Macedo Neto, M.C.; Meira de Souza, L.G.; Barbosa Gomes, I.R.; Medeiros, L.C. (2011) Composite gypsum and Styrofoam for the construction of popular houses. Holos. 27 [5], 95-105. https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2011.658.) |
| Gypsum + Coconut fiber (10 mm) | 0.35 | (1010. Santos Marinho, G.S.; Soares Cunha, P.W.; Gomes, U.U. (2013) Thermophysical properties of a composite with matrix of gypsum and reinforcement of vegetable fiber. Holos 29 [1], 127-138. https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2013.1203.) |
| Gypsum + Vermiculita (80%, 20%) | 0.35 | (1414. Azevedo, C.C.A. (2017) Composite study with gypsum and vermiculite for thermal insulation. Master. Dissertation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/23390.) |
| Gypsum + Vermiculita (75%, 15%) | 0.37 | (1414. Azevedo, C.C.A. (2017) Composite study with gypsum and vermiculite for thermal insulation. Master. Dissertation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/23390.) |
3.2 Flexural and compression strength analysis
⌅Figure 6 shows the mean values, the confidence intervals of the means (at the 95% confidence level) and the Tukey test results of the flexural and compression strength of each studied composite and of the control samples.
The greatest reduction in bending and compression strength was obtained in the composites containing a higher percentage of expanded polystyrene (C4 and C2), with a reduction of around 48% in relation to the sample Control 2. The best result was found in the composite with a higher percentage of fiber cellulose in the gypsum (C3 and C5), with a reduction of 31%.
The results show that the higher amount of CF improves the flexural and compression strength of the composite in comparison to the EPS. This reduction in mechanical performance when plastic waste was added was also observed in the works carried out by Macedo et al. (88. Macedo Neto, M.C.; Meira de Souza, L.G.; Barbosa Gomes, I.R.; Medeiros, L.C. (2011) Composite gypsum and Styrofoam for the construction of popular houses. Holos. 27 [5], 95-105. https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2011.658.), Serna et al. (99. Serna, Á.; del Río, M.; Palomo, J. G.; González, M. (2012) Improvement of gypsum plaster strain capacity by the addition of rubber particles from recycled tyres. Constr. Build. Mat. 35, 633-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.093.), San-António-Gonzalez et al. (1111. San-Antonio-González, A.; Del Río Merino, M.; Viñas Arrebola, C.; Villoria-Sáez, P. (2015) Lightweight material made with gypsum and extruded polystyrene waste with enhanced thermal behavior. Constr. Build. Mat. 93, 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.040., 1212. San-Antonio-González, A.; Del Río Merino, M.; Viñas Arrebola, C.; Villoria-Sáez, P. (2016) Lightweight material made with gypsum and EPS waste with enhanced mechanical strength. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 [2], 04015101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001382.), Alameda et al. (1313. Alameda, L.; Calderón, V.; Junco, C.; Rodríguez, A.; Gadea, J.; Gutiérrez-González, S. (2016) Characterization of gypsum plasterboard with polyurethane foam waste reinforced with polypropylene fibers. Mater. Construcc. 66 [324], e100. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2016.06015.) and Del Rio Merino et al. (1515. Del Rio Merino, M.; Villoria-Sáez, P.; Longobardi, I.; Astorqui, J.S.C.; Porras-Amores, C. (2019) Redesigning lightweight gypsum with mixes of polystyrene waste from construction and demolition waste. J. Clean. Produc. 220, 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.132.).
The EN 13279 (2626. EN 13279-1 (2008) Gypsum binders and gypsum plasters - Part 1: Definitions and requirements. European Committee for Standardization, Dublin, Ireland., 2727. EN 13279-2 (2014) Gypsum binders and gypsum plasters. Part 2: Test methods. European Committee for Standardization, Dublin, Ireland. https://doi.org/10.3403/30278742.) and plaster manufacturers specify that to be considered a lightweight plaster composite, the material must meet the following minimum values: density ≤ 800 g/cm3, flexural strength ≥1 MPa, and compression strength ≥ 2 MPa.
As shown in Figure 6, the flexural and compression strength decreases when compared to reference samples of commercial gypsum and recycled gypsum, but these values remain above the minimum required by EN 13279-1 for light gypsum composites, therefore all the composites satisfy this requirement (2626. EN 13279-1 (2008) Gypsum binders and gypsum plasters - Part 1: Definitions and requirements. European Committee for Standardization, Dublin, Ireland.).
The data obtained allowed to analyze the relationship between density and flexural strength of the material (Figure 7), where increasing the amount of EPS in the composite composition, the density decreases and consequently its mechanical strength. The graph also shows the linear equation of the relationship between the density of the material and the flexural strength (Equation [3]).
The results of this relationship between the two properties are compatible with those found by Santa Cruz Astorqui et al. (2828. Santa Cruz Astorqui, J.; Del Río Merino, M.; Villoria Sáez, P.; Porras-Amores, C. (2017) Analysis of the relationship between density and mechanical strength of lightened gypsums: Proposal for a coefficient of lightening. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2017, 7092521. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7092521.), where the authors concluded that there is an exponential relationship between the reduction of the composite density with the addition of EPS and its strength.
4. CONCLUSIONS
⌅In general, the production of a lightweight construction material with thermal insulation properties using EPS residues and cellulose fiber together with gypsum is possible. The addition of cellulose fiber residues and EPS reduced the density by 55% when compared to the gypsum control samples without the addition of residues, and the flexural and compression strength results were above the requirements established by the standard to produce light gypsum.
The five variations produced showed improvements in thermal insulation capacity when compared to samples of commercial gypsum and recycled gypsum.
Samples C3 and C5 presented the worst thermal insulation results. In these cases, the higher the percentage of cellulose fiber in relation to expanded polystyrene, the worse the obtained results.
The C4 presented the best thermal insulation result, reducing the conductivity of the composite by 75% when compared to the reference sample of common gypsum, and approximately 48% when compared to the gypsum board.
Adding cellulose fiber to the gypsum matrix with expanded polystyrene provided an increase in the strength of the material compared to previous studies, without significant loss of the thermal insulation capacity provided by the expanded polystyrene.
The results show that it is viable to produce a gypsum matrix composite with residues of EPS and cellulose fiber for application as a material in buildings, improving some properties of common gypsum and gypsum board, also helping to reuse waste that would otherwise be discarded in the environment, and which could be used in the manufacture of panels and internal partitions due to its good thermal performance, thus improving the energy efficiency of buildings.
Despite presenting good results as a thermal insulator, it is necessary to consider that the material does not have high mechanical resistance, thus indicated to be used as sealing plates for walls and ceilings where mechanical resistance is not considered as the most important factor.