Mezclas basadas en yeso para su aplicación en conservación: evaluación de sus propiedades microestructurales y mecánicas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2020.05019Palabras clave:
Yeso, Óxido de magnesio, Resistencia a la Compresión, Distribución de tamaño de poro, MicroestructuraResumen
En este artículo se han analizado cuatro mezclas basadas en yeso y se ha estudiado la influencia de los aditivos utilizados para su preparación, tanto orgánicos como inorgánicos, sobre las propiedades mecánicas y microestucturales de los materiales resultantes. Los aditivos utilizados se seleccionaron en base a aquellos que han sido principalmente publicados en recetas históricas, tales como magnesia, cal o cola de conejo. Por su parte, las mezclas basadas en yeso se eligieron en base aquellas principalmente utilizadas en obras de arte, incluyendo escayolas, molduras, estucados o pastiglia. También se prepararon materiales de referencia (control), de acuerdo a una mezcla específica, para verificar la composición química de las diferentes mezclas preparadas y comparar sus mecanismos de endurecimiento y formación. La composición química de los materiales preparados se ha correlacionado con su trabajabilidad y resistencia mecánica. Además, se estudió la acción retardante de los aditivos utilizados con interesantes resultados. Por ejemplo, el MgO confiere buenas propiedades mecánicas al material, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la resistencia a la compresión.
Descargas
Citas
Rovero, L.; Tonietti, U.; Fratini, F.; Rescic, S. (2009) The salt architecture in Siwa oasis - Egypt (XII-XX centuries). Constr. Build. Mater. 23[7], 2492-2503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.003
Coppola, M.; Taccia, M.; Tedeschi, C. (2013) Analysis and Conservation of Ancient Egyptian gypsum-based binders and mortars from the temple of Ramesses II in Antinoe. Built Herit. 2013 Monit. Conserv. Manag.
Wilson-Yang, K.M.; Burns, G. (1987) The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of ancient murals in the tombs at Beni Hasan, Egypt. Can. J. Chem. = J. Can. Chim. 65[5], 1058-1064. https://doi.org/10.1139/v87-179
Ghazi Wakili, K.; Hugi, E. (2009) Four types of gypsum plaster boards and their thermophysical properties under fire condition. J. Fire Sci. 27[1], 27-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904108094514
Englert, M.H.; R.B.S.; Sucech, Steven W.; Therese A. Fults; Michael J. Porter; Bruce L. Petersen, R.R.A.D. (2008) United States Patent US 7,364,015 B2. 2.
Brencis, R.; Skujans, J.; Iljins, U.; Ziemelis, I.; Osits, N. (2011) Research on Foam Gypsum with Hemp Fibrous Reinforcement. 14th Int. Conf. Process Integr. Model. Optim. Energy Sav. Pollut. Reduction, Pts 1 2, 10.3303/ cet1125027.
Gaião, C.; De Brito, J.; Silvestre, J.D. (2011) Gypsum plasterboard walls: inspection, pathological characterization and statistical survey using an expert system. Mater. Construcc. 62[306], 285-297. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2011.62210
Paulo, M. da S.; Veiga, M. do R.; de Brito, J. (2007) Gypsum coatings in ancient buildings. Constr. Build. Mater. 21[1], 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.035
Rampazzi, L.; Rizzo, B.; Colombo, C.; Conti, C.; Realini, M.; Bartolucci, U.; Colombini, M.P.; Spiriti, A.; Facchin, L. (2012) The stucco technique of the magistri comacini: The case study of santa maria dei ghirli in campione d'Italia (Como, Italy). Archaeometry, 54[5], 926-939. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00651.x
Alberti, L.B.; Bartoli, C. (1667) L' architettura. Appresso Lorenzo Torrentino, Firenze.
Salavessa, E.; Jalali, S.; Sousa, L.M.O.; Fernandes, L.; Duarte, A.M. (2013) Historical plasterwork techniques inspire new formulations. Constr. Build. Mater. 48, 858-867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.064
Vitruvius, M.P.; GWILT, J. (1826) The Architecture of M. Vitruvius Pollio in Ten Books, Translated from the Latin by J. Gwilt. Priestly and Weale, London.
Montana, G.; Ronca, F. (2002) The 'recipe' of the stucco sculptures of Giacomo Serpotta. J. Cult. Herit. 3[2], 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01169-X
Igea, J.; Lapuente, P.; Martínez-Ramírez, S.; Blanco- Varela, M.T. (2012) Caracterización de morteros mudéjares de la iglesia de San Gil Abad (Zaragoza, España): Investigación de la tecnología de fabricación de morteros históricos de yeso. Mater. Construcc. 62[308], 515-529. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2012.07311
Vegas, F.; Mileto, C.; Fratini, F.; Rescic, S. (2010) May a building stand upon gypsum structural wall and pillars?, 8th Int. Mason. Conf. Dresden.
Mileto, C.; Vegas, F.; La Spina,V. (2011) Is Gypsum External Rendering Possible? The Use of Gypsum Mortar for Rendering Historic Façades of Valencia's City Centre. Adv. Mater. Res. 250-253, 1301-1304. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.250-253.1301
Pahlavan, P.; Manzi, S.; Sansonetti, A.; Bignozzi, M.C. (2018) Valorization of organic additions in restorative lime mortars: Spent cooking oil and albumen. Constr. Build. Mater. 181, 650-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.089
Blaeuer, C.; Kueng, A. (2007) Examples of microscopic analysis of historic mortars by means of polarising light microscopy of dispersions and thin sections. Mater. Charact. 58[11-12], 1199-1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2007.04.023
Varas, M.J.; Alvarez de Buergo, M.; Perez-Monserrat, E.; Fort, R. (2008) Decay of the restoration render mortar of the church of San Manuel and San Benito, Madrid, Spain: Results from optical and electron microscopy. Mater. Charact. 59[11], 1531-1540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2007.11.008
Gázquez, M.J.; Bolívar, J.P.; Vaca, F.; García-Tenorio, R.; Mena-Nieto, A. (2011) Uso del residuo industrial "yeso rojo" como sustituto del yeso natural para la fabricación de cementos comerciales - Use of the red gypsum industrial waste as substitute of natural gypsum for commercial cements manufacturing. Mater. Construcc. 62[306], 183-198. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2011.63910
Townsend, J.H.; Doherty, T.; Heydenreich, G.; Ridge, J. (2008) Preparation for Paintings: The Artist's Choice and its Consequences Archetype Books. Archetype Books, London.
Bustamante, R.; Sánchez de Rojas, M.I. (2007) Study of plaster finishes on San Pedro de los Francos church at Calatayud. Mater. Construcc. 57[286], 53-64. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2007.v57.i286.47
López-Cruz, O.; García-Bueno, A.; Medina-Flórez, V.J.; Sánchez-Navas, A.; Velilla,N. (2015) Pictorial materials used in the polychrome decorations of the façade of the palace of King Pedro I (The Royal Alcazar of Seville, Spain). Mater. Construcc. 65[318], e054. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2015.04314
Mayer, R.; Sheehan, S. (1991) The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques. Faber & Faber, London.
Barthe, G.L.; Pingeot, A.; Groupe de recherche sur le plâtre (France) (2001) Le plâtre: l'art et la matière. Créaphis, Paris.
Sansonetti, A.; Striova, J.; Biondelli, D.; Castellucci, E.M. (2010) Colored grounds of gilt stucco surfaces as analyzed by a combined microscopic, spectroscopic and elemental analytical approach. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 397[7], 2667-2676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010- 3491-4 http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20174784 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3491-4 PMid:20174784
Alessandrini, G.; Bugini, R.; Realini, M.; Sansonetti, A.; Manfredi,G. (2004) A Case Study. The Scala Theatre in Milan: Analysis and Conservation Works on the Facades. In International Council on Monuments and Sites 10th, International congress on deterioration and conservation of stone, pp. 785-792.
La Spina, V.; Mileto, C.; Vegas, F. (2013) The historical renderings of Valencia (Spain): An experimental study. J. Cult. Herit. 14[3], S44-S51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2012.11.011
Robador, M.D.; Arroyo, F.; Perez-Rodriguez, J.L. (2014) Study and restoration of the Seville City Hall façade. Constr. Build. Mater. 53, 370-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.088
Paternoster, G.; Rinzivillo, R.; Nunziata, F.; Castellucci, E.M.; Lofrumento, C.; Zoppi, A.; Felici, A.C.; Fronterotta, G.; Nicolais, C.; Piacentini, M.; et al. (2005) Study on the technique of the Roman age mural paintings by micro- XRF with Polycapillary Conic Collimator and micro- Raman analyses. J. Cult. Herit. 6[1], 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2004.10.003
Rodríguez-Navarro, C. (1988) Binders in historical buildings: Traditional lime in conservation. In International Seminar on Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage: The Contribution of Mineralogy. 91-112.
Charola, A.E.; Pühringer, J.; Steiger, M. (2007) Gypsum: a review of its role in the deterioration of building materials. Environ. Geol. 52[2], 207-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0566-9
Turco, A. (1990) Il gesso. Hoepli, Milano.
Freyer, D.; Voigt, W. (2003) Crystallization and Phase Stability of CaSO4 and CaSO4 - Based Salts. Monatshefte fur Chemie / Chem. Mon. 134[5], 693-719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-003-0590-3
Apostolopoulou, M.; Aggelakopoulou, E.; Bakolas, A.; Moropoulou, A. (2018) Compatible Mortars for the Sustainable Conservation of Stone in Masonries. In Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 97-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72260-3_5
Pecchioni, E.; Fratini, F.; Cantisani, E. (2008) Le Malte Antiche e Moderne tra Tradizione ed Innovazione. Pàtron, Bologna.
Cennino Cennini (2009) Il libro dell'arte, 5th ed. Neri Pozza, curatore F. Frezzato.
Davey, N. (1961) A History of Building Materials. Drake Publishers Ltd.
La Spina, V.; Fratini, F.; Cantisani, E.; Mileto, C.; López- Manzanares, F.V. (2013) The ancient gypsum mortars of the historical façades in the city center of Valencia (Spain). Period. di Mineral. 82[3], 443-457.
Barthe, G.L.; Pingeot, A.; Groupe de recherche sur le plâtre (France) (2001) Le plâtre: l'art et la matière. Créaphis, Paris.
Paulo, M. da S.; Veiga, M. do R.; de Brito, J. (2007) Gypsum coatings in ancient buildings. Constr. Build. Mater. 21[1], 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.035
Igea, J.; Lapuente, P.; Blanco-Varela, M.; Martínez- Ramírez, S. (2013) Design of gypsum-lime based mortars applied on the restoration. In Science and Technology for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, A Balkema Book. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15577-74
Potgieter, J.H.; Potgieter, S.S.; De Waal, D. (2003) An empirical study of factors influencing lime slaking Part II: Lime constituents and water composition. Water SA. 29[2], 157-160. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v29i2.4850
Oates, J.A.H. (2008) Lime and Limestone: Chemistry and Technology. Production and Uses Wiley.
Rampazzi, L.; Rizzo, B.; Colombo, C.; Conti, C.; Realini, M.; Bartolucci, U.; Colombini, M.P.; Spiriti, A.; Facchin, L. (2008) The stucco decorations from St. Lorenzo in Laino (Como, Italy): The materials and the techniques employed by the 'Magistri Comacini'. Anal. Chim. Acta. 630[1], 91-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19068330 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.09.052 PMid:19068330
Vegas, F. (2013) Parameterisation of Gypsum Mortar for Alternative Structural Consolidation of Traditional Floors. Adv. Mater., 2[4], 48-52. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20130204.11
Rodríguez, A.; Eremin, K.; Khandekar, N.; Stenger, J.; Newman, R.; Teresa, M. (2010) Characterization of calcium sulfate grounds and fillings of applied tin-relief brocades by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 41[11], 1517-1524. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.2824
Ente italiano di normazione (2015) UNI EN 459-1:2015 Building lime - Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria.
Friess, W.; Lee, G. (1996) Basic thermoanalytical studies of insoluble collagen matrices. Biomaterials, 17[23], 2289-2294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(96)00047-6
EN 1015-11: 1999 - Methods of Test for Masonry (1999).
Ente italiano di normazione (2014) UNI EN 13279-2:2014 Gypsum binders and gypsum plasters Part 2: Test methods.
International Organization for Standardization (2016) ISO 15901-1:2016 Evaluation of pore size distribution and porosity of solid materials by mercury porosimetry and gas adsorption -- Part 1: Mercury porosimetry.
Ente italiano di normazione (2010) UNI EN 15802:2010 Conservation of cultural property - Test methods - Determination of static contact angle.
Elert, K.; Benavides-Reyes, C.; Cardell, C. (2018) Effect of animal glue on mineralogy, strength and weathering resistance of calcium sulfate-based composite materials. Cem. Concr. Compos. 96, 274-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.005
Prasad, P.S.R.; Pradhan, A.; Gowd, T.N. (2001) In situ micro-Raman investigation of dehydration mechanism in natural gypsum. Curr. Sci. 80[9], 1203-1207.
Liu, Y.; Wang, A.; Freemen, J.J. (2009) Raman, MIR, and NIR spectroscopic study of calcium sulfates: gypsum, bassanite, and anhydrite. In 40th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., The Woodlands, Texas.
Sarma, L.P.; Prasad, P.S.R.; Ravikumar, N. (1998) Raman spectroscopic study of phase transitions in natural gypsum. J. Raman Spectrosc., 29[9], 851-856. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4555(199809)29:9<851::AID-JRS313>3.0.CO;2-S
Muyonga, J.H.; Cole, C.G.B.; Duodu, K.G. (2004) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic study of acid soluble collagen and gelatin from skins and bones of young and adult Nile perch (Lates niloticus). Food Chem. 86[3], 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.09.038
Bakolas, A.; Biscontin, G.; Moropoulou, A.; Zendri, E. (1998) Characterization of structural byzantine mortars by thermogravimetric analysis. Thermochim. Acta. 321[1-2], 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(98)00454-7
Ente italiano di normazione (2008) UNI EN 13279-1:2008 Gypsum binders and gypsum plasters - Part 1: Definitions and requirements.
Ventolà, L.; Vendrell, M.; Giraldez, P.; Merino, L. (2011) Traditional organic additives improve lime mortars: New old materials for restoration and building natural stone fabrics. Constr. Build. Mater. 25[8], 3313-3318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.020
Thirumalini, S.; Ravi, R.; Rajesh, M. (2018) Experimental investigation on physical and mechanical properties of lime mortar: Effect of organic addition. J. Cult. Herit. 31, 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.10.009
Chever, L.; Pavía, S.; Howard, R. (2010) Physical properties of magnesian lime mortars. Mater. Struct. Constr. 43[1-2], 283-296. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9488-9
Atzeni, C.; Massidda, L.; Sanne, U. (1996) Magnesian lime. Experimental contribution to interpreting historical data. Sci. Technol. Conserv. Cult. Herit., 5[2], 29-36.
UNI EN 13454-2 Binders, composite binders and factory made mixtures for floor screeds based on calcium sulfate Part 2: Test methods (2007).
Dheilly, R.-M.; Sebaibi, Y.; Tudo, J.; Queneudec, M. (1998) Importance de la présence de magnésie dans le stockage de la chaux: carbonatation de l'oxyde et de l'hydroxyde de magnésium. Can. J. Chem. 76[8], 1188-1196. https://doi.org/10.1139/v98-126
Dheilly, R.M.; Bouguerra, A.; Beaudoin, B.; Tudo, J.; Queneudec, M. (1999) Hydromagnesite development in magnesian lime mortars. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 268[1-2], 127-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00085-4
Singh, M.; Garg, M. (1997) Retarding action of various chemicals on setting and hardening characteristics of gypsum plaster at different pH. Cem. Concr. Res. 27[6], 947-950. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00045-8
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2020 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
© CSIC. Los originales publicados en las ediciones impresa y electrónica de esta Revista son propiedad del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, siendo necesario citar la procedencia en cualquier reproducción parcial o total.
Salvo indicación contraria, todos los contenidos de la edición electrónica se distribuyen bajo una licencia de uso y distribución “Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional ” (CC BY 4.0). Consulte la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia. Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario.
No se autoriza el depósito en repositorios, páginas web personales o similares de cualquier otra versión distinta a la publicada por el editor.
