Experimental study of a noise reducing barrier made of fly ash
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2021.00220Keywords:
Fly ash, Sound absorption, Airborne sound insulation, Heavy metalsAbstract
Although fly ash is commonly used as an additive to cement, large amounts of this material are disposed in landfills. To mitigate, it would be interesting to develop new products in which fly ash can be easily used and required in large quantities. In this work, fly ash is added to manufacture eco-friendly materials with acceptable acoustic and non-acoustic properties and a low cost. We built a barrier composed of fly ash (60 wt.%), type II Portland cement (25 wt.%), vermiculite (14.5 wt.%) and polypropylene fibers (0.5 wt.%). The barrier complied with the mechanical requirements of European standards. The sound absorption coefficient and the airborne sound insulation were determined in a reverberation room, and the barrier was classified as A2 and B3. No leaching problems were observed.
Downloads
References
European Environmental Agency. Noise in Europe (2014). https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/noise-in-europe-2014/file. June 05, 2020.
Asdrubali, F.; Schiavoni, S.; Horoshenkov, K.V. (2012) Review of sustainable materials for acoustic applications. Building Acoustics. 19 [4], 283-312. https://doi.org/10.1260/1351-010X.19.4.283
Spanish Law 22/2011 of 28 July on Waste and Contaminated Soil, Official Spanish Journal, 29 July 2011.
Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives.
Arenas, C.; Vilches, L.F.; Leiva, C.; Alonso-Fariñas, B.; Rodríguez-Galán, M. (2016) Recycling ceramic industry wastes in sound absorbing materials. Mater. Construcc. 66 [324], e106. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2016.10615
American Coal Ash Association. Coal ash production and use. (2019). https://www.acaa-usa.org/Portals/9/Files/PDFs/ Coal-Ash-Production-and-Use.pdf.
Luna Galiano, Y.; Leiva, C.; Arenas, C.; Arroyo, F.; Vilches, L.; Fernández Pereira, C.; Villegas, R. (2017) Behaviour of fly ash-based geopolymer panels under fire. Waste Biomass Valori. 8 [7], 2485-2494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9803-y
Leiva, C.; Vilches, L.F.; Arenas, C.; Delgado, S.; Fernández Pereira. C. (2012) Potential recycling of bottom and fly ashes in acoustic mortars and concretes. ACI Mater. J. 109 [5], 529-535. https://doi.org/10.14359/51684084
EN 197-1. Cement. Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium, 2011.
Rashad, A.M. (2016) Vermiculite as a construction material - A short guide for Civil Engineer. Constr. Build. Mater. 125, 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.019
Leiva, C.; Arenas, C.; Vilches, L.F.; Alonso-Fariñas, B.; Rodriguez-Galán, M. (2015) Development of fly ash boards with thermal, acoustic and fire insulation properties.Waste Manage. 46, 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.027 PMid:26337964
Ríos, J.D.; Cifuentes, H.; Leiva, C.; Ariza, M.P.; Ortiz, M. (2020) Effect of polypropylene fibers on the fracture behavior of heated ultra-high performance concrete. Int. J. Fract. 223 [1-2], 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-019-00407-4
ASTM D3682-13, Standard Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
ASTM C618-17, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017.
EN 1097-7:2009. Test for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 7: Determination of the particle density of filler. Pyknometer method. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
EN 12457-4:2003. Characterisation of waste: Leaching. Compliance test for leaching of granular waste material and sludges. Part 4: One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l/kg for materials with particle size below 10 mm (without or with size reduction). European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills.
Ríos, J.D.; Cifuentes, H.; Leiva, C.; Seitl, S. (2019) Analysis of the mechanical and fracture behavior of heated ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete by X-ray computed tomography. Cem. Concr. Res. 119, 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.02.015
EN 1793-1:2017 Road traffic noise reducing devices. Test method for determining the acoustic performance. Part 1: Intrinsic characteristics of sound absorption. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
EN 1794-1:2018. Road traffic noise reducing devices - Non-acoustic performance - Part 1: Mechanical performance and stability requirements. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
EN 1794-2:2011. Road traffic noise reducing devices - Non-acoustic performance - Part 2: General safety and environmental requirements. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
EN 1794-3:2016. Road traffic noise reducing devices - Non-acoustic performance - Part 3: Reaction to fire - Burning behaviour of noise reducing devices and classification. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
EN 14388:2016. Road traffic noise reducing devices- Specifications. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
EN ISO 354:2004. Acoustics. Measurement of sound absorption in a reverberation room. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
Del Rey, R.; Alba, J.; Bertó, L.; Gregori, A. (2017) Smallsized reverberation chamber for the measurement of sound absorption. Mater. Construcc. 67 [328], e139. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.07316
Díaz, C.; Jiménez, M.; Navacerrada, M.Á.; Pedrero, A. (2012) Acoustic properties of reed panels. Mater. Construcc. 62 [305], 55-66. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2010.60510
EN ISO 10140-2:2011. Acoustics - Laboratory measurement of sound insulation of building elements - Part 2: Measurement of airborne sound insulation. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
EN 1793-2:2019. Road traffic noise reducing devices - Test method for determining the acoustic performance - Part 2: Intrinsic characteristics of airborne sound insulation under diffuse sound field conditions. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
EN 12390-3:2020. Testing hardened concrete. Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
EN 12390-5:2020. Testing hardened concrete. Part 5: Flexural strength of test specimens. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
ISO 7892:1988. Vertical building elements -- Impact resistance tests -- Impact bodies and general test procedures. International Organization for Standardization.
EN 12859:2012. Gypsum blocks - Definitions, requirements and test methods. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
EN 1936:2007. Natural stone test methods - Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
EN 1363-1:2015. Fire resistance. Part 1: General requirements. European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.
NEN 7375:2005. Leaching characteristics of building and solid waste materials. Leaching tests: Determination of the leaching behaviour of inorganic components from shaped building materials, monolithic and stabilized waste materials. Netherlands Standardization Institute (NNI).
Arenas, C.; Leiva, C.; Vilches, L.F.; Cifuentes, H.; Rodríguez-Galán, M. (2015) Technical specifications for highway noise barriers made of coal bottom ash-based sound absorbing concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 95, 585-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.107
Rios, J.D.; Arenas, C.; Cifuentes, H.; Peceño, B.; Leiva, C. (2019) Porous structure by X-ray computed tomography and sound absorption in pervious concretes with air cooled blast furnace slag as coarse aggregate. Acoust. Aust. 47, 271-276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40857-019-00162-5
Carbajo, J.; Esquerdo-Lloret, T.V.; Ramis, J.; Nadal- Gisbert, A.V.; Denia, F.D. (2015) Acoustic properties of porous concrete made from arlite and vermiculite lightweight aggregates. Mater. Construcc. 65 [320], e072. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2015.01115
https://www.panelesach.com/pantallas-barreras-acusticas- ACH, Feb 2, 2021.
http://www.obralia.com/dir/minisites/catalogos/419295/catalogo.pdf, May 22, 2020.
Sheng Tie, T.; Hung Mo, K.; Putra, A.; Chuing Loo, S.; Johnson Alengaram, U.; Ling, T-C. (2020) Sound absorption performance of modified concrete: A review. J. Build. Eng. 30, 101219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101219
Ríos, J.D.; Arenas, C.; Cifuentes, H.; Vilches, L.F.; Leiva, C. (2020) Development of a paste for passive fire protection mainly composed of granulated blast furnace slag. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy. 39 [3], e13382. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13382
Leiva, C.; Arenas, C.; Alonso-Fariñas, B.; Vilches, L.F.; Peceño, B.; Luna-Galiano, Y.; Rodriguez-Galán, M. (2018) Fire-resistant panels composed only of combustion byproducts. P. Inst. Civil Eng-Construct. Mater. 171 [1], 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.16.00018
Deloge Ariyanayagam, A.; Mahendran, M. (2017) Fire tests of non-load bearing light gauge steel frame walls lined with calcium silicate boards and gypsum plasterboards. Thin-Wall. Struct. 115, 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.02.005
Decree of Soil Quality (2007). Dutch Ministry of Housing Spatial Planning and the Environment.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.
Funding data
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
Grant numbers BIA2016-75431-R
