The effects of synthetic wollastonite microfibers on PVA fiber-reinforced engineered geopolymer composites
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2024.363423Keywords:
EGC, Synthetic wollastonite microfiber, Mechanical, durability and dimensional stability properties, Freeze-thaw resistance, TGA/DTAAbstract
In this study, first, synthetic wollastonite microfiber (SWM) with a high aspect ratio (44:1) was produced with a special three-stage production method. Then, fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag-based engineered geopolymer composites (FA+GGBFS-based EGCs) were developed. SWM was used in different proportions instead of FA. The compressive strength of EGCs, changed in the range of 88.1-111.1 and 95.1-122.6 MPa at 7 and 28 days, respectively. Additionally, EGCs containing 6% SWM performed the best, considering both ‘‘increasing deformation capacity’’ and ‘‘maintaining the bearing strength by fiber bridging after crack’’, since they acted like a fiber owing to the acicular particle structure of SWM. Moreover, it can be said that the presence of the SWM mineral in the pore system, ensured pore discontinuities in the matrix because of its acicular particle structure. Consequently, the mechanical, durability and dimensional stability properties of EGCs improved with SWM.
Downloads
References
Humur G, Çevik A. (2022). Effects of hybrid fibers and nanosilica on mechanical and durability properties of lightweight engineered geopolymer composites subjected to cyclic loading and heating-cooling cycles. Constr. Build. Mater. 326:126846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126846
Ren D, Yan C, Duan P, Zhang Z, Li L, Yan Z. (2017). Durability performances of wollastonite tremolite and basalt fiber reinforced metakaolin geopolymer composites under sulfate and chloride attack. Constr. Build. Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.103
Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang M. (2021). Effect of sand content on engineering properties of fly ash-slag based strain hardening geopolymer composites. J. Build. Eng. 34:101951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101951
Zhong H, Zhang M. (2023). Engineered geopolymer composites: A state-of-the-art review. Cem. Concr. Compos. 135:104850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104850
Li VC. (2003). On engineered cementitious composites (ECC)- A review of the material and its applications. J. Adv. Concr. Tech. 1(3):215-230. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.1.215
Yücel HE, Öz HÖ, Güneş M, Kaya Y. (2021). Rheological properties strength characteristics and flexural performances of engineered cementitious composites incorporating synthetic wollastonite microfibers with two different high aspect ratios. Constr. Build. Mater. 306:124921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124921
Sakulich A.R, Li V.C. (2011). Nanoscale characterization of engineered cementitious composites (ECC). Cem. Concr. Res. 41(2):169-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.001
Siad H, Lachemi M, Şahmaran M, Mesbah HA, Hossain KMA. (2018). Advanced engineered cementitious composites with combined self-sensing and self-healing functionalities. Constr. Build. Mater. 176:313-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.026
Luukkonen T, Abdollahnejad Z, Yliniemi J, Kinnunen P, Illikainen M. (2018). One-part alkali-activated materials: A review. Cem. Concr. Res. 103:21-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.10.001
Wang S, Li VC. (2007). Engineered cementitious composites with high-volume fly ash. ACI Mater. J. 104(3):233-241. https://doi.org/10.14359/18668
Hemra K, Kobayashi T, Aungkavattana P, Jiemsirilers S. (2021). Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of fly ash based geopolymer composites by wollastonite reinforcement. J. Met. Mater. Min. 31(4):13-25. https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v31i4.1230
Liang GW, Li HX, Zhu HJ, Liu TJ, Chen Q, Guo HH. (2021). Reuse of waste glass powder in alkali-activated metakaolin/fly ash pastes: Physical properties reaction kinetics and microstructure. Res. Conser. Recyc. 173:105721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105721
Xu J, Kang A, Wu Z, Xiao P, Gong Y. (2021). Effect of high-calcium basalt fiber on the workability mechanical properties and microstructure of slag-fly ash geopolymer grouting material. Constr. Build. Mater. 302:124089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124089
Öz HÖ, Yücel HE, Güneş M, Köker TŞ. (2021). Fly-ash-based geopolymer composites incorporating cold-bonded lightweight fly ash aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 272:121963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121963
Zhang J, Fu Y, Wang A, Dong B. (2023). Research on the mechanical properties and microstructure of fly ash-based geopolymers modified by molybdenum tailings. Constr. Build. Mater. 385:131530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131530
Hu S, Wang H, Zhang G, Ding Q. (2008). Bonding and abrasion resistance of geopolymeric repair material made with steel slag. Cem. Concr. Compos. 30(3):239-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.04.004
Pacheco-Torgal F, Castro-Gomes JP, Jalali S. (2008). Adhesion characterization of tungsten mine waste geopolymeric binder influence of OPC concrete substrate surface treatment. Constr. Build. Mater. 22(3):154-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.10.005
Samal S Phan TN, Petríková I, Marvalová B, Vallons KAM, Lomov SV. (2015). Correlation of microstructure and mechanical properties of various fabric reinforced geo-polymer composites after exposure to elevated temperature. Cer. Int. 41(9 Part B):12115-12129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.06.029
Kan Li-li, Wang W-S, Liu W-D, Wu M. (2020). Development and characterization of fly ash based PVA fiber reinforced Engineered Geopolymer Composites incorporating metakaolin. Cem. Concr. Compos. 108:103521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103521
Li W, An J, Lu Y, Li Shan. (2023). Bond stress-slip constitutive relationship between engineered geopolymer composites (EGC). and rebar under cyclic loading. Constr. Build. Mater. 409:133998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133998
Ohno M, Li VC. (2018). An integrated design method of engineered geopolymer composite. Cem. Concr. Compos. 88:73-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.02.001
Nematollahi B. (2017). Investigation of geopolymer as a sustainable alternative binder for fiber-reinforced strain hardening composites. Ph.D. thesis Swinburne University of Technology.
Vickers L, Rickard WDA, Riessen AV. (2014). Strategies to control the high temperature shrinkage of fly ash based geopolymers. Thermo. Acta. 580:20-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2014.01.020
Said SH, Razak H.A, Othman I. (2015). Flexural behavior of engineered cementitious composite (ECC). slabs with polyvinyl alcohol fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 75:176-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.036
Kumar S, Kumar R, Mehrotra SP. (2010). Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on the reaction structure and properties of fly ash based geopolymer. J. Mater. Sci. 45:607-615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3934-5
Buchwald A, Hilbig H, Kaps C. (2007). Alkali-activated metakaolin-slag blends-performance and structure in dependence of their composition. J. Mater. Sci. 42:3024-3032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0525-6
Öz HÖ, Güneş M, Yücel HE. (2023). Rheological and microstructural properties of FA+GGBFS-based engineered geopolymer composites (EGCs). capable of comparing with M45-ECC as mechanical performance. J. Build. Eng. 65:105792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105792
Kuranlı ÖF, Uysal M, Abbas MT, Coşgun T, Nis A, Aygörmez Y, Canpolat O, Al-Mashhadani MM. (2022). Evaluation of slag/fly ash based geopolymer concrete with steel polypropylene and polyamide fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 325:126747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126747
Temuujin J, Van Riessen A, Williams R. (2009). Influence of calcium compounds on the mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer pastes. J. Hazar. Mater. 167(1-3):82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.121 PMid:19201089
Coppola L, Coffetti D, Crotti E, Aversano RD, Gazzaniga G. (2019). The influence of heat and steam curing on the properties of one-part fly ash/slag alkali activated materials: Preliminary results. AIP Conf. Proceed. 2196:020038. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5140311
Nurjaya DM, Astutiningsih S, Zulfia A. (2015). Thermal effect on flexural strength of geopolymer matrix composite with alumina and wollastonite as fillers. Int. J. Tech. 3:462-470. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v6i3.1441
Hemalatha P, Ramujee K. (2021). Influence of nano material (TiO2). on self compacting Geo polymer concrete containing fly ash GGBS and wollastonite. Mater. Today: Proceed. 43(2):2438-2442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.279
Wahab MA, Latif IA, Kohail M, Almasry A. (2017). The use of wollastonite to enhance the mechanical properties of mortar mixes. Constr. Build. Mater. 152:304-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.005
Archez J, Texier-Mandoki N, Bourbon X, Caron JF, Rossignol S. (2020). Influence of the wollastonite and glass fibers on geopolymer composites workability and mechanical properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 257:119511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119511
Soliman AM, Nehdi ML. (2012). Effect of natural wollastonite microfibers on early-age behavior of UHPC. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24(7):816-824. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000473
Silva FJ, Thaumaturgo C. (2003). Fibre reinforcement and fracture response in geopolymeric mortars. Fat. Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 26:167-172. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.2003.00625.x
Silva FJ, Mathias AF, Thaumaturgo C. (1999). Evaluation of the fracture toughness in poly(sialate-siloxo). composite matrix conference paper. Geopolymer 99:97-106.
Öz HÖ, Güneş M. (2021). The effects of synthetic wollastonite developed with calcite and quartz on high performance mortars. Struct. Concr. 22(S1):E257-E272. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900520
Yücel HE, Özcan S. (2019). Strength characteristics and microstructural properties of cement mortars incorporating synthetic wollastonite produced with a new technique. Constr. Build. Mater. 223:165-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.195
Bong SH, Nematollahi B, Xia M, Nazari A, Sanjayan J. (2020). Properties of one-part geopolymer incorporating wollastonite as partial replacement of geopolymer precursor or sand. Mater. Letters 263:165-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.127236
Öz HÖ, Ünsal D. (2023). Characteristic properties of fly ash-based self-compacting geopolymer mortars with synthetic wollastonite microfiber produced from silica and calcite. Mater. Constr. 73(349):e307. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2023.296322
Kong HJ, Bike S, Li VC. (2003). Development of a self-compacting engineered cementitious composite employing electrosteric dispersion/stabilization. Cem. Concr. Compos. 25(3):301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00057-4
Li VC, Wang S, Wu C. (2001). Tensile strain-hardening behavior of polyvinyl alcohol engineered cementitious composite (PVA-ECC). ACI Mater. J. 98(6):483-492. http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/84671. https://doi.org/10.14359/10851
Li VC, Leung CK. (1992). Theory of steady-state and multiple cracking of short random fiber composites. J. Eng. Mech. 118(11):2246-2264. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1992)118:11(2246)
Marshall D, Cox B. (1988). A J-integral method for calculating steady-state matrix cracking stresses in composites. Mech. Mater. 7(2):127-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(88)90011-7
Li V.C. (1993). From micromechanics to structural engineering. Dob. Gakkai Ronbunshu.1993(471):1-12. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1993.471_1
Nematollahi B, Sanjayan J, Qiu J, Yang E-H. (2017). Micromechanics-based investigation of a sustainable ambient temperature cured one-part strain hardening geopolymer composite. Constr. Build. Mater. 131:552-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.117
Nematollahi B, Qiu J, Yang E-H, Sanjayan J. (2017). Micromechanics constitutive modelling and optimization of strain hardening geopolymer composite. Ceram. Int. 43(8):5999-6007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.01.138
Zhang S, Li VC, Ye G. (2020). Micromechanics-guided development of a slag/fly ash-based strain-hardening geopolymer composite. Cem. Concr. Compos. 109:103510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103510
Zhang S, Nedeljkovic M, Ghiassi B, Ye G. (2017). A comparative study on deflection-hardening behavior of ductile alkali activated composite. International Conference on Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites Springer. 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1194-2_14
Yücel HE, Jashami H, Şahmaran M, Güler M, Yaman İÖ. (2013). Thin ECC overlay systems for rehabilitation of rigid concrete pavements. Mag. Concr. Res. 65(2):108-120. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.12.00022
ASTM C109. (2016). Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in. or (50-mm): cube specimens). ASTM International West Conshohocken PA USA.
ASTM C1585-20 (2020). Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic-cement concretes. ASTM International West Conshohocken PA USA.
ASTM C1202. (2012). Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete's ability to resist chloride ion penetration. Annual book of ASTM standards.
RILEM TC 116-PCD. (1999). Permeability of concrete as a criterion of its durability. Mater. Struct. 32:174-179.
ASTM C666. (2015). Standard test method for resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing. Annual book of ASTM standards.
Molero M, Aparicio S, Al-Assadi G, Casati MJ, Hernandez MG, Anaya JJ. (2012). Evaluation of freeze-thaw damage in concrete by ultrasonic imaging. NDT & E Int. 52:86-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2012.05.004
ASTM C157. (2014). Standard test method for length change of hardened hydraulic-cement mortar and concrete. Annual book of ASTM standards.
Khayat KH, Meng W, Vallurupalli K, Teng L. (2019). Rheological properties of ultrahigh-performance concrete - An overview. Cem. Concr. Res. 124:105828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105828
Ranjbar N, Zhang M. (2020). Fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites: A review. Cem. Concr. Compos. 107:103498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103498
Cao M, Xu L, Zhang C. (2016). Rheology fiber distribution and mechanical properties of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). whisker reinforced cement mortar. Compos. Part A: App. Sci. Manufact. 90:662-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.08.033
Archez J, Texier-Mandoki N, Bourbon X, Caron JF, Rossignol S. (2020). Adaptation of the geopolymer composite formulation binder to the shaping process. Mater. Today Commun. 25:101501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101501
Zhang P, Gao Z, Wang J, Guo J, Hu S, Ling Y. (2020). Properties of fresh and hardened fly ash/slag based geopolymer concrete: A review. J. Clean. Product. 270:122389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122389
Hardjito D, Wallah SE, Sumajouw DM, Rangan BV. (2005). Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Aust. J. Struct. Eng. 6:77-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2005.11464946
Provis J.L, Palomo A, Shi C. (2015). Advances in understanding alkali-activated materials. Cem. Concr. Res. 78(Part A):110-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.04.013
Yip CK, Lukey GC, Van Deventer JSJ, (2005). The coexistence of geopolymeric gel and calcium silicate hydrate at the early stage of alkaline activation. Cem. Concr. Res. 35(9):1688-1697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.042
García-Lodeiro I, Palomo A, Fernández-Jiménez A, Macphee DE. (2011). Compatibility studies between N-A-S-H and C-A-S-H gels. Study in the ternary diagram Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Cem. Concr. Res. 41:923-931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.05.006
Ling Y, Wang K, Li W, Shi G, Lu P. (2019). Effect of slag on the mechanical properties and bond strength of fly ash-based engineered geopolymer composites. Compos. Part B: Eng. 164:747-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.01.092
Cai J, Pan J, Han J, Lin Y, Sheng Z. (2022). Low-energy impact behavior of ambient cured engineered geopolymer composites. Ceram. Int. 48(7):9378-9389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.12.133
Zhou J, Pan J, Leung CK. (2015). Mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced engineered cementitious composites in uniaxial compression. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27(1):04014111. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001034
Kumar JB, Ramujee K. (2017). Mechanical & durability characteristics of wollastonite based cement concrete. J. Civ. Eng. 7(1):1-7.
Patankar SV, Jamkar SS, Ghugal YM. (2012). Effect of sodium hydroxide on flow and strength of fly ash based geopolymer mortar. J. Struct. Eng. 39(1):7-12.
Mathur R, Misra AK, Goel P. (2007). Influence of wollastonite on mechanical properties of concrete. J. Scient. Indust. Res. 66:1029-1034.
Kalla P, Rana A, Chad YB, Misra A, Csetenyi L. (2015). Durability studies on concrete containing wollastonite. J. Clean. Product. 87:726-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.038
Ransinchung GD, Kumar B, Kumar V. (2009). Assessment of water absorption and chloride ion penetration of pavement quality concrete admixed with wollastonite and microsilica. Constr. Build. Mater. 23(2):1168-1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.06.011
Ibragim U, Erkin E, Aziza K. (2021). Physical properties of high performance concrete on base wollastonite. Europ. J. Life Saf. Stab. 11:101-105. Retrieved from http://ejlss.indexedresearch.org/index.php/ejlss/article/view/203.
He Z, Shen A, Lyu Z, Li Y, Wu H, Wang W. (2020). Effect of wollastonite microfibers as cement replacement on the properties of cementitious composites: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 261:119920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119920
Gesoğlu M, Özturan T, Güneyisi E. (2004). Shrinkage cracking of lightweight concrete made with cold-bonded fly ash aggregates. Cem. Concr. Res. 34(7):1121-1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.024
Güneyisi E, Gesoğlu M, Azez OA, Öz HÖ. (2015). Physico-mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete containing treated cold-bonded fly ash lightweight aggregates and SiO2 nano-particles. Constr. Build. Mater. 101(1):1142-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.117
Sivasakthi M, Jeyalakshmi R, Rajamane NP, Jose R. (2018). Thermal and structural micro analysis of micro silica blended fly ash based geopolymer composites. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 499:117-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2018.07.027
Ben Haha M, Lothenbach B, Le Saout G, Winnefeld F. (2011). Influence of slag chemistry on the hydration of alkali-activated blast-furnace slag - Part I: effect of MgO. Cem. Concr. Res. 41(9):955-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.05.002
Lothenbach B, Gruskovnjak A. (2007). Hydration of alkali-activated slag: thermodynamic modelling. Adv. Cem. Res. 19:81-92. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2007.19.2.81
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.
Funding data
Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi
Grant numbers MMT 2021/2-BAGEP








