NORM waste, cements, and concretes. A review

F.  Puertas; J. A.  Suárez-Navarro; M. M.  Alonso; C.  Gascó

doi:10.3989/mc.2021.13520

Autores/as

F. Puertas Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Science (IETcc-CSIC) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4215-0184
J. A. Suárez-Navarro CIEMAT https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-9699
M. M. Alonso Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Science (IETcc-CSIC) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9096-752X
C. Gascó CIEMAT https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-6716

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2021.13520

Palabras clave:

Residuos NORM, Cementos, Hormigones, Geopolymeros, Radioactividad, Comportamiento

Resumen

La utilización de residuos y/o subproductos industriales, como materiales alternativos, en la preparación de materiales de construcción, es una actividad cada día más vigente y normal; y está encaminada a conseguir una construcción más sostenible y alcanzar la deseada Economía Circular. Sin embargo, deben tomarse todas las precauciones necesarias de modo que la incorporación y utilización de estos materiales no suponga una nueva amenaza a la salud de la población y al medio ambiente. Estos residuos y/o subproductos industriales pueden estar enriquecidos (por el propio proceso de su generación) de metales pesados, y otros componentes químicos no deseables; además de altos contenidos de radioactividad natural, lo que puede condicionar negativamente su empleo como materiales alternativos y/o secundarios. Es por ello, que es preciso un estudio muy profundo y realista de dichos residuos y subproductos industriales previo a su utilización en la preparación de materiales de construcción. En este artículo de revisión o estado del conocimiento se hace un repaso a los conceptos básicos de radioactividad y radioactividad natural, centrando el estudio en aquellos residuos y/o subproductos industriales que son residuos NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) y que se emplean en la preparación de cementos y hormigones. Se aportan datos radiológicos actualizados sobre estos residuos y subproductos industriales (ej. cenizas volantes de centrales, térmicas, escorias metalúrgicas, residuos de bauxita, fosfoyeso), y también se dan datos radiológicos de otros materiales como calizas, yesos, etc. Igualmente, se presentan resultados recientes sobre concentraciones de actividad de radionucleidos de cementos y hormigones en base Portland, con distinta composición y contenido en residuos NORM. Se incide en el papel de los áridos naturales en el comportamiento radiológico final de los hormigones. Se aborda, igualmente el comportamiento radiológico de cementos y hormigones alternativos al Portland como son los activados alcalinamente y geopolímeros.

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Citas

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