The influence of curing and aging on chloride transport through ternary blended cement concrete

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2018.11917

Keywords:

Concrete, Blast furnace slag, Chloride, Curing, Diffusion

Abstract


The effect of the extension of the curing period and exposure time to a chloride source on the transport of these ions has been studied in concrete with 100% Portland cement (OPC) and with ternary cement composed of 64% OPC, 30% blast furnace slag (BFS) and 6% limestone filler (LF). The extension of the curing time (from 28 to 90 days) did not significantly affect the transport, even in concretes with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM’s). The exposure time to the chloride source (3, 6 and 12 months) is a parameter which had a major influence on the transport. At least 6 months of exposure were necessary to achieve stable chloride diffusion coefficients with more noticeable stabilization occurring when SCM’s were used. The presence of BFS significantly decreased the transport, due to its ability to combine chloride rather than the refinement of capillary pores as a consequence of its late hydration.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Meira, G.R.; Padaratz, I.J.; Alonso, C.; Andrade, C. (2003) Effect of distance from sea on chloride aggressivenes in concrete structures in brazilian coastal site. Mater. Construcc. 53, 179–188. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2003.v53.i271-272.302

Browne, R. (1982) Design prediction of the life for reinforced concrete in marine and other chloride environments. Durab. Build. Mater. 1, 113–125.

Funahashi, M. (1990) Predicting corrosion free service life of a concrete structure in a chloride environment. ACI Mater. J. 87, 581–587.

Maage, M.; Helland, S.; Carlsen, J. (1995) Practical nonsteady chloride transport as a part of a model for predicting the initiation period. In: Nilsson LO, Ollivier J, editors. RILEM Int. Work. Chloride Penetration into Concr., p. 398–406.

EN 1992-1-1:2004. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings, Brussels, Belgium: CEN (European Committee for Standardization); 2004.

Menéndez, G.; Bonavetti, V.L.; Irassar, E.F. (2007) Ternary blend cements concrete. Part II: Transport mechanism. Mater. Construcc. 57, 31–43. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2007.v57.i285.37

Álava, H.E.; Tsangour, E.; Belie, N. de; Schutter, G. de (2016) Chloride interaction with concretes subjected to a permanent splitting tensile stress level of 65%. Constr. Build. Mater. 127, 527–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.009

Mohammed, T.U.; Yamaji, T.; Hamada, H. (2002) Chloride diffusion, microstructure and mineralory of concrete after 15 years of exposure in tidal environment. ACI Mater. J. 99, 256–263.

Ryan, P.C.; O'Connor, A. (2016) Comparing the durability of self-compacting concretes and conventionally vibrated concretes in chloride rich environments. Constr.Build. Mater. 120, 504–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.089

Bamforth, P.B.; Price, W.F. (1993) Factors influencing chloride ingress into marine structures. In: Dhir RK, Jones MR, editors. Infrastructure, Res. new Appl., Dundee (Scotland): Spon; p. 1105–18.

Bamforth, P.B. (1999) The derivation of input data for modeling chloride ingress from eight-years. Mag. Concr. Res. 51, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1999.51.2.87

Bentz, E.C.; Evans, C.M.; Thomas, M.D.A. (1996) Chloride diffusion modelling for marine exposed concretes. In: Page CL, Bamforth PB, Figg JW, editors. Corros. Reinf. Concr. Constr., Cambridge (UK): The Royal Society of Chemistry Publication; p. 136–45.

Paiva, H.; Velosa, A.; Cachimb, P.; Ferreira, V.M. (2016) Effect of pozzolans with different physical and chemical characteristics on concrete properties. Mater. Constr. 66, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2016.01815

Al-Swaidani, A.M. (2017) Production of more durable and sustainable concretes using volcanic scoria as cement replacement. Mater. Construcc. 67. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.00716

Mangat, P.S.; Molloy, B.T. (1991) Influence of PFA, slag and microsilica on chloride induced corrosion of reinforcement in concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 21, 819–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(91)90177-J

Yoo, S.-W.; Kwon, S.-J. (2016) Effects of cold joint and loading conditions on chloride diffusion in concrete containing GGBFS. Constr. Build. Mater.115, 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.010

Lee, B.; Kim, G.; Nam, J.; Cho, B.; Hama, Y.; Kim, R. (2016) Compressive strength, resistance to chloride-ion penetration and freezing/thawing of slag-replaced concrete and cementless slag concrete containing desulfurization slag activator. Constr. Build. Mater. 128, 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.075

ACI Committee 233. (1995) Ground Granulated blastfurnace slag as a cementitious constituent in concrete. ACI Mater. J. 92, 1–18.

Bijen, J. (1996) Benefits of slag and fly ash. Constr. Build. Mater. 10, 309–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00014-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00014-3

Geiseler, J.; Kollo, H.; Lang, E. (1995) Influence of blast furnace cements on durability of concrete structures. ACI Mater. J. 92, 252–257.

Lauch, K.S.; Dieryck, V. (2016) Durability of concrete made with ternary cements containing slag or fly ash and limestone filler. Int RILEM Conf Mater Syst Struct Civ Eng Conf Segm Concr with SCM's.

Kocaba, V.; Gallucci, E.; Scrivener, K.L. (2012) Methods for determination of degree of reaction of slag in blended cement pastes. Cem. Concr. Res. 42, 511–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.11.010

Menéndez, G.; Bonavetti, V.; Irassar, E.F. (2003) Strength development of ternary blended cement with limestone filler and blast-furnace slag. Cem. Concr. Compos. 25, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00056-7

Ortega, J.M.; Sánchez, I.; Climent, M.Á. (2013) Influence of different curing conditions on the pore structure and the early age properties of mortars with fly ash and blastfurnace slag. Mater. Construcc. 63, 219–234.

Al-Assadia, G.; Casatib, M.J.; Gálvez, J.C.; Fernández, J.; Aparicio, S. (2015) The influence of the curing conditions of concrete on durability after freeze-thaw accelerated testing. Mater. Construcc. 65, 1–17.

Bamforth PB. Enhancing reinforced concrete durability. Guidance on selecting measures for minimizing the risk of corrosion of reinforcement in concrete. Technical Report 61. The Concrete Society. Camberley: 2004.

Nilsson, L.O.; Carcassès, M. (2002) Models for chloride ingress into concrete-a critical analysis. Report on task 4.1, EU project "ChlorTest" G6RD-CT-2002-0085, Building Materials, Lund Institute of Technology. Lund (Sweden).

Vedalakshmi, R.; Saraswathy, V.; Song, H.W.; Palaniswamy, N. (2009) Determination of diffusion coefficient of chloride in concrete using Warburg diffusion coefficient. Corros. Sci. 51, 1299–1307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.03.017

Attari, A.; McNally, C.; Richardson, M.G. (2016) A probabilistic assessment of the influence of age factor on the service life of concretes with limestone cement/GGBS binders. Constr. Build. Mater. 111, 488–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.113

Teng, S.; Lim, T.Y.D.; Sabet Divsholi, B. (2013) Durability and mechanical properties of high strength concrete incorporating ultra fine ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Constr. Build. Mater. 40, 875–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.052

Ben Fraj, A.; Bonnet, S.; Khelidj, A. (2012) New approach for coupled chloride/moisture transport in non-saturated concrete with and without slag. Constr. Build. Mater. 35, 761–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.106

Shin, H.-O.; Yang, J.-M.; Yoon, Y.-S.; Mitchell, D. (2016) Mix design of concrete for prestressed concrete sleepers using blast furnace slag and steel fibers. Cem. Concr. Compos. 74, 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.08.007

EN 12390-2:2015. (2015) Testing hardened concrete. Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests, CEN (European Committee for Standardization).

EN 196-1:2005. (2005) Methods of testing cement. Part 1: Determination of strength, Brussels (Belgium): CEN (European Committee for Standardization); p. 36.

EN 12390-11:2015. (2015) Testing hardened concrete. Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion, CEN (European Committee for Standardization).

EN 14629:2007. (2007) Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures. Test methods. Determination of chloride content in hardened concrete, CEN (European Committee for Standardization).

Carrasco, M.F.; Menéndez, G.; Bonavetti, V.; Irassar, E.F. (2005) Strength optimization of tailor-made cement with limestone filler and blast furnace slag. Cem. Concr. Res. 35, 1324–1331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.023

Manhoman, D.; Metha, P.K. (1981) Influence of pozzolanic, slag and chemical admixtures on pore size distribution and permeability of hardened cement pastes. Cem. Concr. Aggregates 3, 63–67. https://doi.org/10.1520/CCA10203J

Ortega, J.M.; Ferrándiz, V.; Antón, C.; Climent, M.Á.; Sánchez, I. (2009) Influence of curing conditions on the mechanical properties and durability of cement mortars. In: Mammoli AA, Brebbia CA, editors. Mater. Charact. IV Comput. methods Exp., Ashurst (UK): WitPress; p. 381–91. https://doi.org/10.2495/MC090361

Schiessl, P.; Wiends, U. (1995) Rapid determination of chloride diffusivity in concrete with blending agents. In: Nilsson LO, Ollivie JP, editors. RILEM Int. Work. Chloride Penetration into Concr., RILEM Publications SARL; p. 115–25.

Lothenbach, B.; Le Saout, G.; Gallucci, E.; Scrivener, K. (2008) Influence of limestone on the hydration of Portland cements. Cem. Concr. Res. 38, 848–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.01.002

Fernández Pérez, Á.; García Calvo, J.L.; Alonso Alonso, M.C. (2018) Ordinary Portland Cement composition for the optimization of the synergies of supplementary cementitious materials of ternary binders in hydration processes. Cem. Concr. Compos. 89, 238-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.12.016

Adu-Amankwah, S.; Zajac, M.; Stabler, C.; Lothenbach, B.; Black, L. (2017) Influence of limestone on the hydration of ternary slag cements. Cem. Concr. Res. 100, 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.05.013

Lothenbach, B.; Scrivener, K.; Hooton, R. (2011) Supplementary cementitious materials. Cem. Concr. Res. 41, 1244–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001

Rasheeduzzafar, Hussain, E. (1991) Effect of microsilica and blast furnace slag on pore solution and alkali-silica reaction. Cem. Concr. Compos. 12, 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0958-9465(91)90023-B

Glasser, F.P.; Luke, K.; Angus, M. (1988) Modification of cement pore fluid compositions by pozzolanic additives. Cem. Concr. Res. 18, 165–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(88)90001-4

Leng, F.; Feng, N.; Lu X. (2000) An experimental study on the properties of resistance to diffusion of chloride ions of fly ash and blast furnace slag concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 30, 989–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00250-7

Detwiler, R.J.; Fapohunda, C.A.; Natale, J. (1994) Use of supplementary cementing materials to increase the resistance to chloride ion penetration of concretes cured at elevated temperatures. ACI Mater. J. 91, 63–66.

Moon, H.Y.; Kim, H.S.; Choi, D.S. (2006) Relationship between average pore diameter and chloride diffusivity in various concretes. Constr. Build. Mater. 20, 725–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.02.005

Song, H.W.; Saraswathy, V. (2006) Studies on the corrosion resistance of reinforced steel in concrete with ground granulated blast-furnace slag-An overview. J. Hazard Mater. 138, 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.022 PMid:16930831

Polder, R.B.; Rooij, M.R. de (2005) Durability of marine concrete structures - Field investigations and modelling. Heron 50, 133–154.

Nokken, M.; Boddy, A.; Hooton, R.D.; Thomas, M.D.A (2006). Time dependent diffusion in concrete – three laboratory studies. Cem. Concr. Res. 36, 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.030

Stanish, K.; Thomas, M. (2003) The use of bulk diffusion tests to establish time-dependent concrete chloride diffusion coefficients 33, 55–62.

Thomas, M.D.A.; Bamforth, P.B. (1999) Modelling chloride diffusion in concrete. Effects of fly ash and slag, Cem. Concr. Res. 29 [4], 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00192-6

Published

2018-12-30

How to Cite

Luna, F. J., Fernández, Á., & Alonso, M. C. (2018). The influence of curing and aging on chloride transport through ternary blended cement concrete. Materiales De Construcción, 68(332), e171. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2018.11917

Issue

Section

Research Articles