Improvement of biomass bottom ash properties by carbonation and pulverisation methods for application in cement-based materials

M. Rosales; L.  Ahmed; R. Rodríguez; M. Cabrera; F.  Agrela; S. Moreno; J. Rosales; J.L. Díaz-López

doi:10.3989/mc.2024.391624

Authors

M. Rosales Construction Engineering, University of Córdoba https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2638-7998
L. Ahmed Construction Engineering, University of Córdoba https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6723-858X
R. Rodríguez Construction Engineering, University of Córdoba https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1210-5152
M. Cabrera Mechanics of Continuous Media and Theory of Structures, University of Cordoba https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-2583
F. Agrela onstruction Engineering, University of Córdoba https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2380-4226
S. Moreno Construction Engineering, University of Córdoba https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4874-9191
J. Rosales Construction Engineering, University of Córdoba https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6882-1196
J.L. Díaz-López Construction Engineering, University of Córdoba https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7107-5278

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2024.391624

Keywords:

Biomass bottom ash, Carbonation, Pulverization, Cement-based materials, Mechanical behaviour

Abstract

This study evaluated the viability of biomass bottom ash (BBA) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) and sand substitute in cement-based materials. Physical and chemical characterization of BBA from eucalyptus forestry biomass and BBA from olive industry residues was performed. BBA underwent processing through grinding for SCM application and carbonation for sand substitution. Mortar mixtures were prepared with 25% ground BBA replacement for cement and 25% and 50% BBA replacement for sand, both carbonated and non-carbonated. Mechanical behaviour tested through flexure and compressive strength and water absorption at 28 days were assessed. Pulverised BBA enhance compressive strength of mortar compared to a conventional CEM II type cement and Carbonated BBA mortar mixtures improved 28-day compressive strength by 35-55% compared to non-carbonated BBA. BBA from eucalyptus forestry biomass, with pozzolanic activity, exhibited superior strength. The findings support the technical feasibility of BBA in cementitious materials, contingent on adequate processing.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

UNEP IRP (IRP). Global resource outlook 2024 [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 17]. Retrieved from: unep.org/resources/Global-Resource-Outlook-2024

One Planet Network. One Planet Network. 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 17]. Natural-resource use and environmental impacts. Retrieved from: https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/SDG-12/natural-resource-use-environmental-impacts

Chioatto E, Sospiro P. 2023. Transition from waste management to circular economy: the European Union roadmap. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 25(1): 249-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02050-3

Jabbour CJC, Jabbour ABL de S, Sarkis J, Filho MG. 2019. Unlocking the circular economy through new business models based on large-scale data: An integrative framework and research agenda. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. 144: 546-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.09.010

Lombardi GV, Gastaldi M, Rapposelli A, Romano G. 2021. Assessing efficiency of urban waste services and the role of tariff in a circular economy perspective: An empirical application for Italian municipalities. J. Clean. Prod. 323: 129097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129097

Favot M, Massarutto A. 2019. Rare-earth elements in the circular economy: The case of yttrium. J. Environ. Manage. 240:504-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.002 PMid:30974293

Johansson N, Forsgren C. 2020. Is this the end of end-of-waste? Uncovering the space between waste and products. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 155: 104656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104656

Ragossnig AM, Schneider DR. 2019. Circular economy, recycling and end-of-waste. Waste Manage. Res. 37(2): 109-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X19826776 PMid:30803418

Islam A, Ahmed T, Awual MR, Rahman A, Sultana M, Aziz AA, et al. 2020. Advances in sustainable approaches to recover metals from e-waste-A review. J. Clean. Prod. 244: 118815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118815

Malinauskaite J, Jouhara H, Czajczyńska D, Stanchev P, Katsou E, Rostkowski P, et al. 2017. Municipal solid waste management and waste-to-energy in the context of a circular economy and energy recycling in Europe. Energy. 141:2013-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.128

Skaggs RL, Coleman AM, Seiple TE, Milbrandt AR. 2018. Waste-to-Energy biofuel production potential for selected feedstocks in the conterminous United States. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 82: 2640-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.107

Kumar A, Samadder SR. 2017. A review on technological options of waste to energy for effective management of municipal solid waste. Waste Management. 69: 407-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.046 PMid:28886975

Shadbahr J, Ebadian M, Gonzales-Calienes G, Kannangara M, Ahmadi L, Bensebaa F. 2022. Impact of waste management and conversion technologies on cost and carbon footprint - Case studies in rural and urban cities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 168: 112872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112872

Hinojosa MJR, Galvín AP, Agrela F, Perianes M, Barbudo A. 2014. Potential use of biomass bottom ash as alternative construction material: Conflictive chemical parameters according to technical regulations. Fuel. 128: 248-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.03.017

Civic Issues. Environment and Civic Issues. 2018 [cited 2024 Jun 20]. Biomass energy. Retrieved from: https://sites.psu.edu/crp5406civicissues/2018/03/23/biomass-energy/

Silva R V., de Brito J, Lynn CJ, Dhir RK. 2019. Environmental impacts of the use of bottom ashes from municipal solid waste incineration: A review. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 140: 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.011

Agrela F, Cabrera M, Morales MM, Zamorano M, Alshaaer M. 2019. Biomass fly ash and biomass bottom ash. New Trends in Eco-efficient and Recycled Concrete. 23-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102480-5.00002-6

Díaz López JL, Agrela Sainz F, Rosales García J. 2024. Aplicación de residuos, subproductos industriales y nanomateriales para la estabilización y ejecución de capas estructurales de carreteras application of waste, industrial by-products and nanomaterials for the stabilisation and execution of structural road layers [Internet]. Córdoba. Retrieved from: https://www.uco.es/ucopress/index.php/es/

Rodríguez M, Camacho JA. 2020. The development of trade of biomass in Spain: A raw material equivalent approach. Biomass Bioenergy. 133: 105450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105450

Avitabile V, Baldoni E, Baruth B, Bausano G. 2023. Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union Integrated assessment. In: European Commission [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu

Consejería de Agricultura PYDR. Plan Director Del Olivar Andaluz [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jun 16]. Retrieved from: https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/export/drupaljda/Plan%20Director%20del%20Olivar.pdf

Consejo de la Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. 2023. ¿Cómo se produce y se vende la electricidad de la UE?

Xiao Q, Chen W, Tian D, Shen F, Hu J, Long L, et al. 2020. Integrating the bottom ash residue from biomass power generation into anaerobic digestion to improve biogas production from lignocellulosic biomass. Energy and Fuels. 34(2): 1101-10. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b01898

Rejini Rajamma. 2011. Biomass fly ash incorporation in cement-based materials. University of Aveiro.

Rosales J, Cabrera M, Beltrán MG, López M, Agrela F. 2017. Effects of treatments on biomass bottom ash applied to the manufacture of cement mortars. J. Clean. Prod. 154:424-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.024

Cabrera M, Galvin AP, Agrela F, Carvajal MD, Ayuso J. 2014. Characterisation and technical feasibility of using biomass bottom ash for civil infrastructures. Constr. Build. Mater. 58: 234-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.087

Manuel Cabrera Montenegro D, Agrela Sainz Dra Adela Pérez Galvín F. 2016. Viabilidad de aplicación de materiales reciclados y cenizas de biomasa en la fabricación de materiales tratados con cemento [Internet]. [Córdoba]: University of Cordoba. Retrieved from: www.uco.es/publicaciones

Cabrera M, Rosales J, Ayuso J, Estaire J, Agrela F. 2018. Feasibility of using olive biomass bottom ash in the sub-bases of roads and rural paths. Constr. Build. Mater. 181:266-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.035

Beltrán MG, Agrela F, Barbudo A, Ayuso J, Ramírez A. 2014. Mechanical and durability properties of concretes manufactured with biomass bottom ash and recycled coarse aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 72:231-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.019

Agrela F, Beltran MG, Cabrera M, López M, Rosales J, Ayuso J. 2018. Properties of recycled concrete manufacturing with all-in recycled aggregates and processed biomass bottom ash. Waste Biomass Valorization. 9(7):1247-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9880-6

Moreno S, Rosales M, Rosales J, Agrela F, Díaz-López JL. 2024. Feasibility of using new sustainable mineral additions for the manufacture of eco-cements. Materials. 17(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040777 PMid:38399029 PMCid:PMC10890488

El-Hassan H, Shao Y. 2014. Dynamic carbonation curing of fresh lightweight concrete. Mag. Concr. Res. 66(14): 708-18. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.13.00222

El-Hassan H, Shao Y, Eng P. 2015. Carbonation curing of concrete blocks to mitigate carbon emission [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285871755

El-Hassan H, Shao Y. 2014. Carbon storage through concrete block carbonation. J. Clean. Energy Technol. 287-291. https://doi.org/10.7763/JOCET.2014.V2.141

Rodríguez Hernández R. 2023. Secuestro de CO2 en materiales para la construcción. Córdoba.

Cuenca-Moyano GM, Cabrera M, López-Alonso M, Martínez-Echevarría MJ, Agrela F, Rosales J. 2023. Design of lightweight concrete with olive biomass bottom ash for use in buildings. J. Build. Eng. 69: 106289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106289

Klemm WA, Berger RL. 1972. Accelerated curing of cementitious systems by carbon dioxide: Part I. Portland cement. Cem. Concr. Res. 2(5): 567-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(72)90111-1

He P, Shi C, Tu Z, Poon CS, Zhang J. 2016. Effect of further water curing on compressive strength and microstructure of CO2-cured concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 72: 80-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.05.026

Cuenca-Moyano GM, Cabrera M, López-Alonso M, Martínez-Echevarría MJ, Agrela F, Rosales J. 2023. Design of lightweight concrete with olive biomass bottom ash for use in buildings. J. Build. Eng. 69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106289

Cabrera M, Galvin AP, Agrela F, Carvajal MD, Ayuso J. 2014. Characterisation and technical feasibility of using biomass bottom ash for civil infrastructures. Constr. Build. Mater. 58: 234-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.087

Gholizadeh-Vayghan A, Bellinkx A, Snellings R, Vandoren B, Quaghebeur M. 2020. The effects of carbonation conditions on the physical and microstructural properties of recycled concrete coarse aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119486

Maryory A, Cerón C, Arango CG. Proyecto de investigación elaboración de unidades de mampostería perforada de concreto utilizando relaves provenientes de la minería de agregados.

Michel F, Courard L. 2014. Particle size distribution of limestone fillers: Granulometry and specific surface area investigations. Particul. Sci. Technol. 32(4): 334-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2013.873503

Papayianni I, Anastasiou E. 2012. Effect of granulometry on cementitious properties of ladle furnace slag. Cem. Concr. Compos. 34(3): 400-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.11.015

Agra TMS, Lima VME, Basto PEA, Melo Neto AA. 2023. Characterizing and processing a kaolinite-rich water treatment sludge for use as high-reactivity pozzolan in cement manufacturing. Appl. Clay. Sci. 236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.106870

Beltrán MG, Agrela F, Barbudo A, Ayuso J, Ramírez A. 2014. Mechanical and durability properties of concretes manufactured with biomass bottom ash and recycled coarse aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 72:231-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.019

Rosales J, Cabrera M, Beltrán MG, López M, Agrela F. 2017. Effects of treatments on biomass bottom ash applied to the manufacture of cement mortars. J. Clean. Prod. 154:424-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.024

Cabrera M, Galvin AP, Agrela F, Carvajal MD, Ayuso J. 2014. Characterisation and technical feasibility of using biomass bottom ash for civil infrastructures. Constr. Build. Mater. 58:234-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.087

Sainz FA, Rosales J, Manuel G, Montenegro C, Thomas C, Fernando G, et al. International Córdoba Eco-Concrete Conference Editors Organization Funding [Internet]. Retrieved from: www.uco.es/ucopress

Rosales M, Agrela F, Sánchez de Rojas MI, Cabrera M, Rosales J. 2023. Optimisation of hybrid eco-efficient mortars with aggregates from construction and demolition waste and olive biomass ash. Constr. Build. Mater. 400: 132634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132634

Faleschini F, Toska K, Zanini MA, Andreose F, Settimi AG, Brunelli K, et al. 2021. Assessment of a municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash as a candidate pozzolanic material: Comparison of test methods. Sustainability (Switzerland). 13 (16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168998

Nahuat-Sansores JR, Cruz JC, Escobar B, Gurrola MP, Ramírez-Pinto CA, Garcia-Uitz K. 2024. Evaluation of the pozzolanic potential of poultry litter ash calcined at different temperatures as a revalorized biomass waste. ACS Sustainable Resource Management. 1(5): 950-7. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00014

Zhou D, Wang R, Tyrer M, Wong H, Cheeseman C. 2017. Sustainable infrastructure development through use of calcined excavated waste clay as a supplementary cementitious material. J. Clean. Prod. 168: 1180-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.098

Jurić KK, Carević I, Serdar M, Štirmer N. 2021. Feasibility of using pozzolanicity tests to assess reactivity of wood biomass fly ashes. Gradjevinar. 72(12): 1145-53. https://doi.org/10.14256/JCE.2950.2020

Velardo P, Sáez del Bosque IF, Sánchez de Rojas MI, De Belie N, Medina C. 2024. Effect of incorporating biomass bottom ash and construction and demolition waste powder on the physical-mechanical properties and micro-structure of ternary-blended mortars. Constr. Build. Mater. 432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136628

Panesar DK, Zhang R. 2020. Performance comparison of cement replacing materials in concrete: Limestone fillers and supplementary cementing materials - A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118866

Beltrán MG, Barbudo A, Agrela F, Jiménez JR, De Brito J. 2016. Mechanical performance of bedding mortars made with olive biomass bottom ash. Constr. Build. Mater. 112: 699-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.065

López-Zaldívar O, Mayor-Lobo PL, Fernández-Martínez F, Hernández-Olivares F. 2015. Improved cement mortars by addition of carbonated fly ash from solid waste incinerators. Mater. Construcc. 65 (319). https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2015.07114

Zhang J, Shi C, Li Y, Pan X, Poon CS, Xie Z. 2015. Influence of carbonated recycled concrete aggregate on properties of cement mortar. Constr. Build. Mater. 98:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.087

Pantić V, Šupić S, Vučinić-Vasić M, Nemeš T, Malešev M, Lukić I, et al. 2023. Effects of grinding methods and water-to-binder ratio on the properties of cement mortars blended with biomass ash and ceramic powder. Mater. 16 (6):2443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062443 PMid:36984322 PMCid:PMC10059006

Skevi L, Baki VA, Feng Y, Valderrabano M, Ke X. 2022. Biomass bottom ash as supplementary cementitious material: the effect of mechanochemical pre-treatment and mineral carbonation. Materials. 15(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238357 PMid:36499851 PMCid:PMC9739280

Beltrán MG, Barbudo A, Agrela F, Jiménez JR, De Brito J. 2016. Mechanical performance of bedding mortars made with olive biomass bottom ash. Constr. Build. Mater. 112:699-70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.065