Actual laser removal of black soiling crust from siliceous sandstone by high pulse repetition rate equipment: effects on surface morphology

Authors

  • M. A. Iglesias-Campos Secció de Conservació-Restauració. Facultat de Belles Arts, Universitat de Barcelona - GRAPAC/CETEC-patrimoni, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona–Institut Químic de Sarrià
  • J. L. Prada-Pérez GRAPAC/CETEC-patrimoni, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona–Institut Químic de Sarrià

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2016.02215

Keywords:

Sandstone, Laser Cleaning, Image Analysis, Roughness, Spectrophotometry

Abstract


This research project studies the role of pulse repetition rate in laser removal of black soiling crust from siliceous sandstone, and specifically, how laser fluence correlates with high pulse repetition rates in cleaning practice. The aim is to define practical cleaning processes and determine simple techniques for evaluation based on end-users’ perspective (restorers). Spot and surface tests were made using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser system with a wide range of pulse repetition rates (5–200 Hz), systematically analysed and compared by macrophotography, portable microscope, stereomicroscope with 3D visualizing and area roughness measurements, SEM imaging and spectrophotometry. The results allow the conclusion that for operation under high pulse repetition rates the average of total energy applied per spot on a treated surface should be attendant upon fluence values in order to provide a systematic and accurate description of an actual laser cleaning intervention.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Lazzarini, L.; Laurenzi Tabasso, M. (1986) Il restauro della pietra, CEDAM, Padova.

2. Ashurst, N. (1994) Cleaning historic buildings vol. 2: Cleaning materials and processes, Donhead Publishing, London.

3. Cooper, M. (1998) Laser cleaning in conservation: An introduction, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.

4. Fotakis, C.; Anglos D.; Zafiropulos V.; Georgiou S.; Tornari V. (2006) Lasers in the preservation of cultural heritage: principles and applications, Taylor & Francis, New York.

5. Maravelaki, P.; Biscontin, G.; Polloni, R.; Cecchetti, W.; Zendri, E. (1992) Investigation on surface alteration of limestone related to cleaning processes. In Delgado Rodriguez, J.; Henriques, F.; Jeremias, F.T. (eds.). Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Deteriorarion and Conservation of Stone, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, 1093–2002.

6. Cooper, M.; Emmony, D.C.; Larson, J.H. (1992) A comparative study of the laser cleaning of limestones. In Delgado Rodriguez, J.; Henriques, F.; Jeremias, F.T. (eds.). Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Deteriorarion and Conservation of Stone, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, 1307–1315. PMid:1402399

7. Sabatini, G.; Giamello, M.; Pini, R.; Siano, S.; Salimbeni, R. (2000) Laser cleaning methodologies for stone façades and monuments: laboratory analyses on lithotypes of Siena architecture. J. Cult. Herit. 1 [1], s9–s19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1296-2074(00)00144-8

8. Siano, S.; Fabiani, F.; Pini, R.; Salimbeni, R.; Giamello, M.; Sabatini, G. (2000) Determination of damage thresholds to prevent side effects in laser cleaning of pliocene sandstone of Siena. J. Cult. Herit. 1 [1], s47–s53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1296-2074(00)00194-1

9. Lanterna, G.; Matteini, M. (2000) Laser cleaning of stone artifacts: a substitute or alternative method?. J. Cult. Herit. 1 [1], s29–s35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(00)00136-9

10. Salimbeni, R.; Pini, R.; Siano, S.; Calcagno, G. (2000) Assessment of the state of conservation of stone artworks after laser cleaning: comparison with conventional cleaning results on a two-decade follow up. J. Cult. Herit. 1 [4], 385–391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(00)01094-3

11. Moropoulou, A.; Tsiourva, Th.; Bisbikou, K.; Tsantila, V.; Biscontin, G.; Longega, G.; Groggia, M.; Dalaklis, E.; Petritaki, A. (2002) Evaluation of cleaning procedures on the facades of the Bank of Greece historical building in the center of Athens. Build. Environ. 37 [7], 753–760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(01)00058-0

12. Gaspar, P.; Hubbard, C.; McPhail, D.; Cummings, A. (2003) A topographical assessment and comparison of conservation cleaning treatments. J. Cult. Herit. 4 [1], 294s–302s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01211-6

13. ASTM E1857-97:2004. Standard guide for selection of cleaning techniques for masonry, concrete and stucco surfaces.

14. UNE 41806-4:2009 IN. Conservación de edificios. Limpieza de elementos constructivos. Parte 4: Técnicas de limpieza con láser.

15. BS 8221-1:2012, Code of practice for cleaning and surface repair of buildings, Part 1: Cleaning of natural stone, brick, terracotta and concrete.

16. UNI 11187:2006. Beni Culturali. Materiali lapidei naturali ed artificiali. Pulitura con tecnologia laser.

17. Pouli, P.; Fotakis, C.; Hermosin, B.; Saiz-Jimenez, C.; Domingo, C.; Oujja, M.; Castillejo, M. (2008) The laserinduced discoloration of stonework; a comparative study on its origins and remedies. Spectrochim. Acta A. 71 [3], 932–945, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2008.02.031 PMid:18396096

18. Pouli, P.; Oujja, M.; Castillejo, M. (2012) Practical issues in laser cleaning of stone and painted artefacts: optimisation procedures and side effects. Appl. Phys. A. 106 [2], 447–464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-011-6696-2

19. Gómez-Heras, M.; Alvarez de Buergo, M.; Rebollar, E.; Oujja, M.; Castillejo, M.; Fort, R. (2003) Laser removal of water repellent treatments on limestone. Appl. Surf. Sci. 219 [3–4], 290–299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(03)00701-3

20. Gómez-Gras, D.; Parcerisa, D.; Calvet, F.; Porta, J.; Solé de Porta, J.N.; Civís, J. (2001) Statigraphy and petrology of the Miocene Montjuïc delta (Barcelona, Spain). Acta Geológica Hispánica, 36, 115–136.

21. Esbert, R.M.; Ordaz, J.; Alonso, F.J. (1999) Anàlisi i pautes d'actuacions en els elements de pedra de les façanes de l'Eixample de Barcelona, Pro-Eixample, Barcelona.

22. Iglesias, M.; Prada, J.L.; Guasch, N. (2008) Technique for cleaning Tarragona Miocene age dolomitizied silty limestone, altered by urban pollution. Mater. Construc. 58 [289–290], 247–262.

23. Sáiz, B.; Iglesias, M. (2008) A study of laser cleaning parameters using a portable system on a gargoyle of the Torres de Serranos in Valencia (Spain). In Castillejo, M.; Moreno, P.; Oujja, M.; Radvan, R.; Ruiz, J. (eds.). Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks VII, CRC Press-Taylor & Francis Group, London, 183–188.

24. Sáiz Mauleón, B. (2003) La limpieza de materiales pétreos con la técnica láser. Determinación de los parámetros de limpieza láser para una gárgola de las Torres de Serranos de Valencia, Universidad de Valencia, Spain, (2003). PhD thesis.

25. Dajnowski, A. (2008) Laser cleaning of the Nickerson Mansion: The first building in the US entirely cleaned using laser ablation. In Castillejo, M.; Moreno, P.; Oujja, M.; Radvan, R., Ruiz, J. (eds.). Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks VII, CRC Press-Taylor & Francis Group, London, 209–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203882085.ch32

26. Graue, B.; Brinkmann S.; Verbeek, C. (2011) PROTOCON TT 49: laser cleaning of ancient Egyptian wall paintings and painted stone surfaces. In Radvan, R.; Asmus, J.F.; Castillejo, M.; Pouli, P.; Nevin, A. (eds.). Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks VIII, CRC Press-Taylor & Francis Group, London, 53–58.

27. Hildenhagen, J.; Dickmann, K. (2011) Comparative studies: cleaning results of short pulsed Nd:YAG vs. fibre. In Radvan, R.; Asmus, J.F.; Castillejo, M.; Pouli, P.; Nevin, A. (eds.). Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks VIII, CRC Press- Taylor & Francis Group, London, 119–122.

28. Vázquez-Calvo, C.; Álvarez de Buergo, M.; Fort, R.; Varas-Muriel, M.J. (2012) The measurement of surface roughness to determine the suitability of different methods for stone cleaning. J. Geophys. Eng. 9 [4], S108–S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/9/4/s108

29. ISO 25178:2012. Geometrical product specification (GPS) —surface texture: areal— part 2: terms, definitions and surface texture parameters.

30. Svobodová, J.; Slovák, M.; Prikryl, R; Siegl, P. (2003) Effect of low and high fluence on experimentally laser-cleaned sandstone and marlstone tablets in dry and wet conditions. J. Cult. Herit. 4 [1], 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1296-2074(02)01226-8

31. Klein, S.; Stratoudaki, T.; Marakis, Y.; Zafiropulos, V.; Dickmann, K. (2000) Comparative study of different wavelengths from IR to UV applied to clean sandstone. Appl. Surf. Sci. 157 [1–2], 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(99)00561-9

32. Labouré, M.; Bromblet, P.; Orial, G.; Wiedemann, G.; Simon-Boisson, C. (2000) Assessment of laser cleaning rate on limestones and sandstones. J. Cult. Herit. 1 [1], s21–s27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1296-2074(00)00195-3

33. Rodríguez-Navarro, C.; Elert, K.; Sebastián, E.; Esbert, R.M.; Grossi, C.M.; Rojo, A.; Alonso, F.J.; Montoto, M.; Ordaz, J. (2003) Laser cleaning of stone materials: an overview of current research. Reviews in Conservation. 4, 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.2003.48.supplement-1.65

34. Marakis, G.; Maravelaki, P.; Zafiropulos, V., Klein, S.; Hildenhagen, J.; Dickmann, K. (2000) Investigations on cleaning of black crusted sandstone using different UV-pulsed lasers. J. Cult. Herit. 1 [1], s61–s64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1296-2074(00)00193-x

35. Pozo, S.; Barreiro, P; Rivasa, T.; González, P.; Fioruccica, M.P. (2014) Effectiveness and harmful effects of removal sulphated black crust from granite using Nd:YAG nanosecond pulsed laser. Appl. Surf. Sci. 302, 309–313, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.10.129

36. Chevillot, C.; Watelet, S. (2003) Laser cleaning in French museums: towards instating a methodology. J. Cult. Herit. 4 [1], 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01223-2

Published

2016-03-30

How to Cite

Iglesias-Campos, M. A., & Prada-Pérez, J. L. (2016). Actual laser removal of black soiling crust from siliceous sandstone by high pulse repetition rate equipment: effects on surface morphology. Materiales De Construcción, 66(321), e078. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2016.02215

Issue

Section

Research Articles