Evaluation of superabsorbent polymer in low water-to-cement ratio cement based materials using X-Ray μCT

A.  Yusuf; I.  Sandi Darma; E.  Zulkifli; R. Pradoto

doi:10.3989/mc.2025.387024

Autores/as

A. Yusuf Department of Civil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7433-4543
I. Sandi Darma Department of Civil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8156-0132
E. Zulkifli Department of Civil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4704-7121
R. Pradoto Department of Civil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-611X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2025.387024

Palabras clave:

Polímero superabsorbente, Estructura de poros, Propiedades de transporte, Materiales cementicios de alta resistencia, Microtomografía de rayos X

Resumen

Los polímeros superabsorbentes (SAP) son mezclas químicas en polvo con gran potencial para mejorar materiales cementicios en estados frescos y endurecidos. Su capacidad de absorber y liberar agua los hace ideales para el curado interno, evitando cemento no hidratado e influyendo en el proceso de hidratación. Este estudio evaluó el SAP como medio de curado interno en materiales con baja relación agua-cemento, usando microtomografía de rayos X (μCT). El SAP aumentó la resistencia a la compresión en un 17,4% debido a la densificación de poros capilares, evidenciada por un menor grosor de poros y sin incremento en vacíos percolados. En estado hinchado, el SAP se observa como un círculo completo cerca de la superficie y un anillo en el centro. La evaluación de durabilidad mostró que las muestras sin SAP tenían 2,7 veces más penetración de agua en grietas que las muestras con SAP, destacando su impacto en la durabilidad.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Kumar Mehta P, Monteiro PJM. 2014. Concrete: microstructure, properties, and materials, Fourth Edition.

Schröfl C, Snoeck D, Mechtcherine V. 2017. A review of characterisation methods for superabsorbent polymer (SAP) samples to be used in cement-based construction materials: report of the RILEM TC 260-RSC. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions. 50:197. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1060-4

Miller AE, Barrett TJ, Weiss WJ. 2014a. Evaluation of superabsorbent polymers for use in cementitious systems for the purpose of mitigating autogenous shrinkage. International RILEM Conference on Application of Superabsorbent Polymers and other New Admixtures in Concrete Construction.

Mechtcherine V, Wyrzykowski M, Schröfl C, Snoeck D, Lura P, de Belie N, Mignon A, van Vlierberghe S, Klemm AJ, Almeida FCR, et al. 2021. Application of super absorbent polymers (SAP) in concrete construction-update of RILEM state-of-the-art report. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions. 54:80. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01668-z

PMCid:PMC10106907

Beushausen H, Gillmer M, Alexander M. 2014. The influence of superabsorbent polymers on strength and durability properties of blended cement mortars. Cem Concr. Compos. 52: 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.03.008

Justs J, Wyrzykowski M, Winnefeld F, Bajare D, Lura P. 2014. Influence of superabsorbent polymers on hydration of cement pastes with low water-to-binder ratio: A calorimetry study. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 115:425-432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3359-x

Guo Y, Zhang P, Ding H, Le C. 2020. Experimental study on the permeability of SAP modified concrete. Materials. 13(15):3368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153368

PMid:32751263 PMCid:PMC7435898

Dang J, Zhao J, Du Z. 2017. Effect of superabsorbent polymer on the properties of concrete. Polymers (Basel). 9(12):672. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9120672

PMid:30965972 PMCid:PMC6418619

Farzanian K, Pimenta Teixeira K, Perdigão Rocha I, De Sa Carneiro L, Ghahremaninezhad A. 2016. The mechanical strength, degree of hydration, and electrical resistivity of cement pastes modified with superabsorbent polymers. Constr. Build. Mater. 109:156-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.082

Reinhardt HW, Assmann A. 2009. Enhanced durability of concrete by superabsorbent polymers. In: Brittle Matrix Composites 9. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845697754.291

Zhang Y, Yang B, Yang Z, Ye G. 2019. Ink-bottle effect and pore size distribution of cementitious materials identified by pressurization-depressurization cycling mercury intrusion porosimetry. Materials. 12(9):1454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091454

PMid:31060298 PMCid:PMC6539383

Wang X, Peng Y, Wang J, Zeng Q. 2019. Pore structure damages in cement-based materials by mercury intrusion: A nondestructive assessment by X-ray computed tomography. Materials. 12(14):2220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12142220

PMid:31295836 PMCid:PMC6679173

Bartoš M, Suchý T, Foltán R. 2018. Note on the use of different approaches to determine the pore sizes of tissue engineering scaffolds: What do we measure? Biomed Eng Online. 17:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-018-0543-z

PMid:30119672 PMCid:PMC6098612

Chung SY, Kim JS, Stephan D, Han TS. 2019a. Overview of the use of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to investigate the relation between the material characteristics and properties of cement-based materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 229:116843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116843

du Plessis A, Boshoff WP. 2019. A review of X-ray computed tomography of concrete and asphalt construction materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 199:637-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.049

Darma IS, Sugiyama T, Promentilla MAB. 2013. Application of X-ray CT to study diffusivity in cracked concrete through the observation of tracer transport. J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 11(10):266-281. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.11.266

Yang L, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhao P, Liu C. 2015. In-situ tracking of water transport in cement paste using X-ray computed tomography combined with CsCl enhancing. Mater Lett. 160:381-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.08.011

Liu Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Lv H, Fu P, Li A. 2017. In situ characterisation of the depth and mass of water intrusion in unsaturated cement pastes via X-ray computed tomography. Adv. Cem. Res. 29(3):91-100. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.16.00056

Sumra Y, Payam S, Zainah I. 2020. The pH of cement-based materials: a review. Journal Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition. 35:908-924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-020-2337-y

Huang X, Liu X, Rong H, Yang X, Duan Y, Ren T. 2022. Effect of Super-Absorbent Polymer (SAP) incorporation method on mechanical and shrinkage properties of internally cured concrete. Materials. 15(21):7854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217854

PMid:36363444 PMCid:PMC9656289

Ritschl L, Bergner F, Fleischmann C, Kachelrie M. 2010. Water calibration for CT scanners with tube voltage modulation. Phys. Med. Biol. 55:4107. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/55/14/010

PMid:20601772

Chung SY, Kim JS, Stephan D, Han TS. 2019. Overview of the use of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to investigate the relation between the material characteristics and properties of cement-based materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 229:116843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116843

Kim JS, Chung SY, Stephan D, Han TS. 2019. Issues on characterization of cement paste microstructures from μ-CT and virtual experiment framework for evaluating mechanical properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 202:82-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.030

Lawrence TJ, Carr SJ, Manning AJ, Wheatland JAT, Bushby AJ, Spencer KL. 2023. A novel 3D volumetric method for directly quantifying porosity and pore space morphology in flocculated suspended sediments. MethodsX. 10:101975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101975

PMid:36636283 PMCid:PMC9830201

Hildebrand T, Rüegsegger P. 1997. A new method for the model-independent assessment of thickness in three-dimensional images. J Microsc. 185(1):67-75. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.1997.1340694.x

Dougherty R, Kunzelmann KH. 2007. Computing local thickness of 3d structures with image. J. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 13(S02):1678-1679. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927607074430

Doube M, Kłosowski MM, Arganda-Carreras I, Fabrice P.C., et al. 2010. BoneJ : free and extensible bone image analysis in ImageJ. Bone. 47(6):1076-1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.08.023

PMid:20817052 PMCid:PMC3193171

Tamura Y, Busby CJ, Blum P, Guèrin G, Andrews GDM, Barker AK, Berger JLR, Bongiolo EM, Bordiga M, DeBari SM, et al. 2015. Expedition 350 methods. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program. 350. https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.350.102.2015

Yang L, Gao D, Zhang Y, Tang J, Li Y. 2019. Relationship between sorptivity and capillary coefficient for water absorption of cement-based materials: Theory analysis and experiment. R. Soc. Open Sci. 6:190112. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190112

PMid:31312483 PMCid:PMC6599806

Mohammad M, Tariq M, Qadri MS, Latif M, Tahiri IA, Naz L. 2015. Diffusion coefficient of iodide ions in aqueous medium and in vacuum: An appraisal. J. Chem. Soc. Pak. 37(6):440. Retrieved from https://jcsp.org.pk/issueDetail.aspx?aid=b001bc19-fda3-4716-8278-b749feab5f0a

Khanzadeh Moradllo M, Hu Q, Ley MT. 2017. Using X-ray imaging to investigate in-situ ion diffusion in cementitious materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 136:88-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.038

Arganda-Carreras I, Fernández-González R, Muñoz-Barrutia A, Ortiz-De-Solorzano C. 2010. 3D reconstruction of histological sections: Application to mammary gland tissue. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73(11):1019-1029. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20829

PMid:20232465

Evans RB, Watson GM, Mason EA. 1961. Gaseous diffusion in porous media at uniform pressure. J. Chem. Phys. 35:2076-2083. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1732211

Al-Nasra M, Daoud M. 2017. Study of the ability of cracked concrete to block water flow, concrete mixed with super absorbent polymer. ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201712002002

Ma X, Liu J, Wu Z, Shi C. 2017. Effects of SAP on the properties and pore structure of high performance cement-based materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 131:476-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.090

Miller AE, Barrett TJ, Weiss WJ. 2014. Evaluation of superabsorbent polymers for use in cementitious systems for the purpose of mitigating autogenous shrinkage. International RILEM Conference on Application of Superabsorbent Polymers and other New Admixtures in Concrete Construction.

Mechtcherine V, Wyrzykowski M, Schröfl C, Snoeck D, Lura P, De Belie N, Mignon A, Van Vlierberghe S, Klemm AJ, Almeida FCR, et al. 2021. Application of super absorbent polymers (SAP) in concrete construction-update of RILEM stateof-the-art report. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions. 54:80. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01668-z

PMCid:PMC10106907

Suleiman AR, Zhang L V., Nehdi ML. 2021. Quantifying crack self-healing in concrete with superabsorbent polymers under varying temperature and relative humidity. Sustainability. 13(24):13999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413999

Opara HE, Eziefula UG, Eziefula BI. 2018. Comparison of physical and mechanical properties of river sand concrete with quarry dust concrete. Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering. 13(s1):127-134. https://doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2018-0012

Lu Y, Wang K, Zhu D, Meng Q, Cui L. 2022. Hydration and pore structure characteristics of concrete incorporating internal curing materials in a dry and largeerature-difference environment. Mater. Res. Express. 9:035502. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac5a31

Moradian M, Hu Q, Aboustait M, Ley MT, Hanan JC, Xiao X, Scherer GW, Zhang Z. 2017. Direct observation of void evolution during cement hydration. Mater. Des. 136:137-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.09.056

Wong HS. 2018. Concrete with superabsorbent polymer. In: Eco-efficient repair and rehabilitation of concrete infrastructures. 2018:467-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102181-1.00017-4

Schroefl C, Mechtcherine V, Vontobel P, Hovind J, Lehmann E. 2015. Sorption kinetics of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) in fresh Portland cement-based pastes visualized and quantified by neutron radiography and correlated to the progress of cement hydration. Cem. Concr. Res. 75:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.001

Wyrzykowski M, Lura P, Pesavento F, Gawin D. 2012. Modeling of water migration during internal curing with superabsorbent polymers. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24(8). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000448

Ma H, Wang P, Zhao T, Du Z, Zhao L. 2017. Influence of W/C and moisture content on capillary adsorption of concrete. DEStech Transac. Mater. Sci. Engin. https://doi.org/10.12783/dtmse/ictim2017/9928

Zhang P, Wittmann FH, Zhao TJ. 2011. Quantitative determination of capillary absorption of concrete. Basic Research on Concrete and Applications.

Wehbe Y, Ghahremaninezhad A. 2017. Combined effect of shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) and superabsorbent polymers (SAP) on the autogenous shrinkage, hydration and properties of cementitious materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 138:151-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.206